Welcome To Your First Day of Class Human Biology Welcome To Your First Day of Class

The Characteristics of Life Biology – Science of Living things Bio – Life Logos – Word of, knowledge ** A laboratory science** You live in your own unique Lab (and you experiment all the time)

Living Things:

Living Things: Are organized Acquire materials and energy Reproduce Respond to stimuli Are homeostatic Grow and develop Have the capacity to adapt

Living Things: Acquire materials and energy Are organized Reproduce Respond to stimuli Are homeostatic Grow and develop Have the capacity to adapt

Living Things: Reproduce Are organized Acquire materials and energy Respond to stimuli Are homeostatic Grow and develop Have the capacity to adapt

Living Things: Respond to stimuli Are organized Acquire materials and energy Reproduce Respond to stimuli Are homeostatic Grow and develop Have the capacity to adapt

Living Things: Are homeostatic Are organized Acquire materials and energy Reproduce Respond to stimuli Are homeostatic Grow and develop Have the capacity to adapt

Living Things: Grow and develop Are organized Acquire materials and energy Reproduce Respond to stimuli Are homeostatic Grow and develop Have the capacity to adapt

Living Things: Have the capacity to adapt Are organized Acquire materials and energy Reproduce Respond to stimuli Are homeostatic Grow and develop Have the capacity to adapt

The Classification of Living Things

The Classification of Living Things Living organisms are assigned to groups based upon their similarities.

The Classification of Living Things Living organisms are assigned to groups based upon their similarities. Systematics is the discipline of indentifying and classifying organisms.

Domains

Domains Domains are the largest classification category.

Domains Domains are the largest classification category. Biologists assign organisms to one of three domains based on biochemical and genetic evidence.

Domains Largest classification category Based upon biochemical and genetic evidence Archaea – ancient “bacteria”, unicellular like bacteria, also simple cell structure (prokaryote – no nucleus) but have distinct metabolism (chemistry) allowing them to exist in “extreme” environments Bacteria– unicellular, prokaryote, found everywhere Eukarya– unicellular to multicellular, complex and organized cells with nuclei and organelles (mitochondria) Archaea and Bacteria are single-celled Prokaryotes Eukarya = Eukaryote

Domain Archaea Archaea-Live in aquatic environments that lack oxygen or are too salty, too hot, or too acidic for most other organisms Archaea can be found in environments that are too hostile for other life forms.

Species of the domain Archaea are not inhibited by antibiotics Domain Archaea is mostly composed of cells that live in extreme environments. Species of the domain Archaea are not inhibited by antibiotics here are three main groups of Archaea: extreme halophiles, methanogens, and hyperthermophiles Halophiles are organisms that live in high salt concentrations. Methanogens produce methane and can life in the human gut, hyperthermophiles can live at temperatures above 70C.

Domain Bacteria Bacteria are found almost anywhere Water, soil, and atmosphere On our skin and in our digestive tract Some cause disease and some are beneficial Bacteria are found almost everywhere on the planet Earth.

Domain Eukarya The cells of all eukaryotes have a membrane- bound nucleus. Members of the Domain Eukarya are further categorized into one of four Kingdoms.

Categories of Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Categories of Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Categories of Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Categories of Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Categories of Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Categories of Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Categories of Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Categories of Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Categories of Classification Domain - Dumb Kingdom - King Phylum - Philip Class – Came Order - Over Family - For Genus - Good Species - _ Spaghetti?

Categories of Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Least inclusive Most inclusive

Eukaryotic Kingdoms Protists Fungi Plantae Animalia Single-cells orgnisms Can make their own food (photosynthesizers) Fungi Molds and mushrooms Plantae plants Animalia Animals

Categories of Classification

Scientific Names

Scientific Names Binomial (two name)

Scientific Names Binomial (two name) Genus name, species name

Scientific Names Examples: Binomial (two name) Genus name, species name Examples:

Scientific Names Examples: Homo sapiens Pisum sativum Felis domesticus Binomial (two name) Genus name, species name Examples: Homo sapiens Pisum sativum Felis domesticus

The Organization of the Biosphere

The Organization of the Biosphere The zone of air, land, and water at the surface of the Earth where living organisms are found.

The Organization of the Biosphere Population groups of individuals of a species in a given area

The Organization of the Biosphere Population Community populations of different species that interact

The Organization of the Biosphere Population Community Ecosystem interactions of communities plus the physical habitat

Ecosystems Ecosystems are characterized by:

Ecosystems Ecosystems are characterized by: Chemical cycling

Ecosystems Energy flow Ecosystems are characterized by: Chemical cycling Energy flow

The Human Species Humans depend on healthy ecosystems for our own survival.

The Human Species Humans depend on healthy ecosystems for our own survival. The human species modifies ecosystems for own purposes.

The Human Species Humans depend on healthy ecosystems for our own survival. The human species modifies ecosystems for own purposes. Preservation of ecosystems is important to ensure our continued existence.

Biodiversity

Biodiversity Total number of species

Biodiversity Total number of species The variability in their genes

Biodiversity The variability in their genes Total number of species The variability in their genes The ecosystems in which they live

A Coral Reef Ecosystem

Ecosystems The Earth may be losing as many as 400 species per day due to human activities.

Life is Organized Hierarchy of levels Atoms form Molecules Molecules form Cells Cells form Tissues Tissues form Organs Organs form Organ systems

Anatomy The study of form

Physiology is… The study of the function of all plants and animals in their normal state. An integrative science

Key Themes in Physiology: Homeostasis The ability of the body to survive in a challenging and changing environment by keeping the internal environment relatively stable “The Wisdom of the Body”

Homeostasis Negative Feedback Loops are Homeostatic Negative feedback loops can restore the normal state but can’t prevent the initial disturbance.

Negative Feedback The body maintains a set point until there is a perturbation. The change in the environment signals a response by the body The response is to bring the body back to homeostasis If possible!

Positive Feedback Positive Feedback is NOT homeostatic Positive Feedback reinforces the initial stimulus rather than decreasing or removing it. The response sends the variable being regulated even farther from its normal value This triggers a vicious cycle of ever-increasing response sending the system out of control temporarily Must have a “shut off” switch or it becomes pathological.

Basic Steps of Scientific Method: Observation (and/or study of prior knowledge)/Question Hypothesis Experimentation Collection and analysis of data (can you replicate results?) Conclusion: reject or accept hypothesis theory

Scientific Theory A scientific theory is a concept supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and conclusions.

Example: What makes up human scent Prior knowledge: Mice smell each other using urine MHC Hypothesis: ? Experiments: ? Collect and analyze data Conclusion

The Process of Science A Controlled Study Experiments in controlled studies have two types of groups: Control Group (for comparison) Experimental Group ( 1 variable manipulated)

The Process of Science A Controlled Study Variables The experimental variable (independent variable) is manipulated by the investigator. All other factors remain identical.

The Process of Science A Controlled Study Variables The experimental variable (independent variable) is manipulated by the investigator. All other factors remain identical. The response variable (dependent variable) represents the result of the manipulation of the experimental variable. (what we are testing for and hope to “quantify” mathematically)

An Experiment HYPOTHESIS: Bloodhounds are able to trail people because of their unique smell, which is genetically controlled.

An Experiment HYPOTHESIS: Bloodhounds are able to trail people because of their unique smell, which is genetically controlled. PREDICTION: Bloodhounds will be able to trail identical twins, but the dog will not be able to tell the difference between the twins.

An Experiment Conclusion: The hypothesis was supported. When scent was taken from one twin the bloodhounds were able to trail the twins, but could not tell the difference between the genetically identical twins.

Animal vs. Human Experimentation In Physiology most knowledge is derived from _______ experimentation. Sometime human experimentation is necessary. Difficulties of Human Experimentation: Very dissimilar test subjects Psychological aspects (placebo and nocebo effects) Ethical questions (is it ok to withhold potential drug from seriously ill?) Nocebo = something that won’t cause you harm but you convince yourself it will harm you

Animal Research

Science and Social Responsibility

Science and Social Responsibility Technology is the application of knowledge for a practical purpose.

Science and Social Responsibility Technology is the application of knowledge for a practical purpose. Technology has both benefits and drawbacks.

Science and Social Responsibility Technology is the application of knowledge for a practical purpose. Technology has both benefits and drawbacks. Ethical and moral issues surrounding the use of technology must be decided by everyone.