Pumps (almost) everywhere: Impact on resistance and pharmacokinetics

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Pumps (almost) everywhere: Impact on resistance and pharmacokinetics Paul M. Tulkens Unité de Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium Groupe local d’évaluation de la Médecine (GLEM) “Médecine de Soins Intensifs” Coordonné par les Cliniques universitaires St Luc Bruxelles www.facm.ucl.ac.be 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

When preparing this lecture … A large choice … 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) The Menu … Why active efflux … or the origins of the discovery A survey of transporters in prokaryotic cells RND: the nightmare for the microbiologist… From bacteria to eukaryotic cells ABC (and some of the others) bioavailability, intestine, blood-brain-barrier, kidney cancer … Why we still fail … 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) Why efflux ? Efflux that saved a city slide stolen from one of the many F. Van Bambeke's presentations 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

An original observation with cancer cells… 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Most chemotherapeutic agents must reach an intracellular target… enzymes nucleic acids ribosomes How can these drugs reach their target inside the cells ? 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Most chemotherapeutic agents must reach an intracellular target… Inaba and Johnson, Cancer Res, 1977; 37:4629-34. In order to survive to anticancer agents, eukaryotic cells "invented" efflux… 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

But antibiotics were first ... Who remembers that car ? 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Historical observations on tetracyclines … 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

However, it took 15 years to understand … In order to survive to antibiotics, bacteria "invented" efflux… 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Historical observations … Parkinson et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995 Aug;39(8):1696-9 1965 1980 antibiotics antifungal drugs 1980 1995 anticancer drugs 1977 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) Historical trends … No. of publications in PubMed with keywords: efflux AND bacteria cancerl fungi 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Reaching an intracellular target … polar drug lipophilic drug To be active most of the drugs need to cross biological barriers to rejoin their target. Based on the amphipathic character of biological membrane, you can understand that a polar drug will have difficulties to cross this barrier, while a lipophilic one could remain trapped inside physico-chemical properties are inadequate for reaching an intracellular target ! Van Bambeke et al., Biochem. Pharmacol (2000) 60:457-70 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Reaching an intracellular target … amphipathic drug most drugs are amphipathic by design, to be able to cross membrane barriers ! Van Bambeke et al., Biochem. Pharmacol (2000) 60:457-70 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Intracellular chemotherapeutic agents But a diffusible compound may have potentially harmful effects ! Van Bambeke et al., Biochem. Pharmacol (2000) 60:457-70 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Why efflux transporters ? Extrusion by efflux pumps Van Bambeke et al., Biochem. Pharmacol (2000) 60:457-70 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Why efflux transporters ? Extrusion by efflux pumps general mean of protection against cell invasion by diffusible molecules Van Bambeke et al., Biochem. Pharmacol (2000) 60:457-70 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Typical ‘toxic’ diffusible substances as substrates for efflux pumps antifungals antibiotics anticancer agents 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) Today, there are even people believing that ALL drugs get in and out of cells by transporters… 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) Today, there are even people believing that ALL drugs get in and out of cells by transporters… 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) The Menu … Why active efflux … or the origins of the discovery A survey of transporters in prokaryotic cells RND: the nightmare for the microbiologist… From bacteria to eukaryotic cells ABC (and some of the others) bioavailability, intestine, blood-brain-barrier, kidney cancer … Why we still fail … 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Structure of efflux pumps in procaryotic cells Van Bambeke et al. JAC (2003) 51: 1055-1065 AB AB pore porin AB AB AB H+ Na+ H+ periplasm lipoprotein pump ATP ADP H+ Na+ H+ RND MFS SMR MATE ABC RND, MFS, ABC Gram-positive Gram-negative 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) Some abbreviations ABC: ATP Binding Cassette MATE: Multi AnTimicrobial Extrusion MFS: Major Facilitator Superfamily RND: Resistance Nodulation Division SMR: Small Multidrug Resistance 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Mechanisms of transport in bacteria Murakami S., Current Opinion in Structural Biology 2008, 18:459–465 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

A brief survey of the many (bacterial) transporters (2003) 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

A brief survey of the many transporters (2003) 1. Gram + 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

A brief survey of the many transporters (2003) 2. Gram - (part #1) 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

A brief survey of the many transporters (2003) 2. Gram - (part #2) 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

A brief survey of the many transporters (2009) 809 references 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

A brief survey of the many transporters: S. aureus 14 distinct transporters for S. aureus (only) in 2009 vs. 4 in 2003 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Efflux and resistance in pathogenic bacteria 1 bacteria several pumps multiresistance 1 pump several classes crossresistance of antibiotics 1 class several pumps efficacy of of antibiotics inhibitors ? 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) The Menu … Why active efflux … or the origins of the discovery A survey of transporters in prokaryotic cells RND: the nightmare for the microbiologist… From bacteria to eukaryotic cells ABC (and some of the others) bioavaibility, intestine, blood-brain-barrier cancer … Why we still fail … 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

General structure of an RND (AcrAB-TolC in Enterobacteriacae) Murakami S., Current Opinion in Structural Biology 2008, 18:459–465 Nikaido & Takatsuka, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1794 (2009) 769–781 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

AcrB in more details Nikaido & Takatsuka, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1794 (2009) 769–781 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Proposed AcrB drug / H+ exchange Pos K. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1794 (2009) 782–793 Seeger et al. Curr. Drug Targets 9 (2008) 729–749. 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

AcrAB-TolC is a multidrug transporter Pos K. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1794 (2009) 782–793 / Seeger et al. Curr. Drug Targets 9 (2008) 729–749. 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

AcrB has multiple entry ports… Yamaguchi et al.(2015) Frontiers in Microbiology - 20 April 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00327 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Interplay of RND and porins 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Efflux cooperates with other mechanisms of bacterial resistance COOH R chemical clearance physical clearance C N O COOH R C HN O COOH R OH b-lactamase 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Efflux cooperates with other mechanisms of resistance Contributions of the AmpC b-lactamase and the AcrAB Multidrug Efflux System in Intrinsic Resistance of E. coli to b -lactams Efflux b-lactamase CMI carbenicillin CMI ofloxacin - - 0.2 0.05 + - 12.5 0.2 +++ - 50 1.56 - + 100 0.05 + + 200 0.39 +++ + 400 1.56 WT: intrinsic resistance ! Mazzariol et al, AAC (2000) 44:1387-1390 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Efflux and selection of resistance to FQ Exposure to subMIC concentrations favors the selection of target mutations ! Gyrase/ Topoisomerase 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Efflux and selection of resistance Frequency of Levofloxacin-resistant mutants in Pseudomonas aeruginosa with deletions of the efflux pump operons Pump status LVX MIC Frequency of LVX- resistant mutants WT 0.25 2 × 107 - 4 × 107  mexAB-oprM 0.015 2 × 107 - 4 × 107  mexCD-oprJ 0.25 2 × 107 - 4 × 107  mexEF-oprN 0.25 2 × 107 - 4 × 107  mexAB-oprM; mexEF-oprN 0.015 2 × 107 - 107  mexCD-oprJ;  mexEF-oprN 0.25 2 × 106  mexAB-oprM;  mexCD-oprJ 0.015 1 × 109  mexAB-oprM;  mexCD-oprJ; 0.015 <1 × 1011  mexEF-oprN Selection of mutants in FQ target undetectable if ALL pumps are disrupted Lomovskaya et al, AAC (1999) 43:1340-1346 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) Increase of P. aeruginosa MICs during treatment: involvement of efflux … Prevalence of MexA* and MexX* overexpressers in 62 phylogentically-related pairs of P. aeruginosa isolated from ICU patients (VAP) treatment * Parts of the MexAB-OprM and MexXY-Oprm (RND pumps in P. aeruginosa) Riou et al, ECCMID 2010 Riou et al. submitted for publication 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Early diagnosis could be implemented in the clinics 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Early diagnosis could be implemented in the clinics 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) The Menu … Why active efflux … or the origins of the discovery A survey of transporters in prokaryotic cells RND: the nightmare for the microbiologist… From bacteria to eukaryotic cells ABC (and some of the others) bioavailability, intestine, blood-brain-barrier, kidney cancer … Why we still fail … 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Antibiotic efflux transporters are ubiquitous distribution spectrum prokaryotes eukaryotes Gram (+) Gram (-) narrow MATE SMR MFS ABC RND broad Mesaros et al., Louvain médical (2005) 124:308-20 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

ABC in bacteria and eucaryotic cells Fath & Kolter, Microbiol Rev. 1993;57:995-1017 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

ABC in antibiotic producing organisms… Transport is essential for survival of these organisms … and can be intrinsically linked to resistance (it all depends how you look at it !) 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

ABC transporters in bacteria could also be involved in pathogenicity 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

ABC transporters in bacteria could be involved in pathogenicity 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

ABC in Fungi (with others…) 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

a typical ABC in Fungi (coworking with an MFS) 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

ABC transporters from bacteria to man Higgins CF, Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 1992;8:67-113 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

ABC and intracellular transport Cleves & Kelly, Curr Biol. 1996; 6:276-8. 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

A multiplicity of exports … for protection 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

ABC and biliary excretion Regarding biliary excretion, we illustrate the possible contribution of the ABC transporters to the biliary excretion of xenobiotics. the multiplicities in both hepatic uptake and biliary excretion mechanisms. This helps in our understanding of the physiological adaptability of the living body in terms of the removal (detoxification) of xenobiotics Yamazaki et al. Pharm Res. 1996; 13:497-513 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) Cooperation between pumps for effective extrusion of amphipathic substances from the hepatocyte (in press) 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Pharmacokinetics and HIV Gulati and Gerk, J Pharm Sci. 2009; 98:2317-35 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Pharmacokinetics and HIV Gulati and Gerk, J Pharm Sci. 2009; 98:2317-35 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) But beware ! These pumps existed before the arrival of human-made drugs With regards to general immunology, an interesting suggestion is the possible involvement of the multidrug transporters in the cellular secretion of cytokines and/or chemokines. Some of these physiologically important peptides are produced without a signal sequence and recent data indicate that the expression of MDR1 is involved in the transport of these peptides through the secreting cell membranes. Also, unpublished observations link the expression of multidrug transporters to the cell-mediated killing of various target cells. 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

In eukaryotes, ABC transporters have multiple physiological functions Greenberg R International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance 4 (2014) 301–309 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

And they control physiological functions … Sanclemente et al. J Physiol Biochem, 2009; 65:87-98 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) The Menu … Why active efflux … or the origins of the discovery A survey of transporters in prokaryotic cells RND: the nightmare for the microbiologist… From bacteria to eukaryotic cells ABC (and some of the others) bioavailability, intestine, blood-brain-barrier, kidney cancer … Why we still fail … 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) Bioavailability Oostendorp et al. Cancer Treat Rev. 2009; 35:137-47 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

The family of intestinal transporters Efflux Influx Estudante et al. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 65 (2013) 1340–1356 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.042 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Intestinal efflux transporters: substrates and inhibitors Estudante et al. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 65 (2013) 1340–1356 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.042 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

The interplay between efflux and metabolism Estudante et al. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 65 (2013) 1340–1356 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.042 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Intestinal efflux and drug interactions… Estudante et al. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 65 (2013) 1340–1356 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.042 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Bioavailability is largely related to local transport Oostendorp et al. Cancer Treat Rev. 2009; 35:137-47 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) Examples of drugs transported by one intestinal inward peptide transporter Brandsch M. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 2013, 13:881–887 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2013.08.004 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

More about inward intestinal transporters 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Modulation of bioavailability by excipients 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Modulation of bioavailability by excipients CremophorTM RH40, a surfactant widely used as a solubilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, inhibits both P-gp and the subfamily CYP3A in a concentration-dependent manner, which explains the increase in bioavailability of P-gp substrates in vivo… 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Blood-Brain Barrier … multiple drug transporters BioMed Research International (2015) 2015, Article ID 320941 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/320941 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Blood-Brain Barrier … transporters are protective Strazielle & Ghersi-Egea (2015) Frontiers in Neuroscience 9: article 21 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00021 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

One slide on kidney … or the story of tenofovir ABCC2 polymorphism has been associated with kidney damage phenotypes in patients taking tenofovir Warning: the kidney has > 26 drug transporters Moss et al. Frontiers in Pharmacology - 11 November 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2014.00248 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

A global overview of transporters in eukaryotic cells Hediger et al. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 34 (2013) 95–107 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) The Menu … Why active efflux … or the origins of the discovery A survey of transporters in prokaryotic cells RND: the nightmare for the microbiologist… From bacteria to eukaryotic cells ABC (and some of the others) bioavailability, intestine, blood-brain-barrier cancer … and a surprise… Why we still fail … 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Efflux-related resistance is killing patients … Dean M, J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2009; 14:3-9 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

An (unanticipated ?) type of resistance in plants… From Dave Krupp’s lectures on plants http://krupp.wcc.hawaii.edu/BIOL101/present/celllect/sld019.htm 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

An (unanticipated ?) type of resistance in plants… ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and a tonoplast intrinsicprotein (TIP) may be responsible for diversion of glyphosate into the vacuole and decreasing its concentration in the chloroplasts. 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) The Menu … Why active efflux … or the origins of the discovery A survey of transporters in prokaryotic cells RND: the nightmare for the microbiologist… From bacteria to eukaryotic cells ABC (and some of the others) bioavaibility, intestine, blood-brain-barrier cancer … and not a surprise… Why we still fail … 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Can we really prevent efflux-mediated resistance ? 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Characteristics of the ideal EPI « to do » list for a winning molecule : http://www.louisethompson.com/to-do-list/ Enhance activity of the drug under study in cells overproducing the transporter by inhibiting efflux Not affecting the drug activity in cells lacking efflux pumps Not potentiating activity or toxicity of drugs that are not effluxed Not affecting the physiological functions of the target transporter if looking for an host transporter 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Examples of active … but toxic molecules Against bacterial RND… Against human PgP (ABC)… 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) An example of failure Blood. 2002;100:1224-1232 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) An example of failure … Blood. 2002;100:1224-1232 ADE: etoposide alone ADEP: etoposide + valspodar 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) Potential interests of efflux pumps inhibitors for therapeutic developments ? This ? 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs) Potential interests of efflux pumps inhibitors for therapeutic developments ? Or That ! 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

But then, wat to do ? … Checking, please ! Moss et al. Frontiers in Pharmacology - 11 November 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2014.00248 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

A still uncertain future for EPI …. 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

But still a lot of work ahead …. 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)

The abundance of transporters in eukaryotic cells Hediger et al. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 34 (2013) 95–107 24-06-2015 Groupe local d'étude de la médecine (Soins Intensifs)