American Imperialism Period 7 Part 1 – 1898 to 1920

Think About It Compare and contrast American views on imperialism of the late 19th and 20th centuries. Analyze how American imperialism of the late 19th and early 20th centuries maintained continuity and fostered change in American foreign policy since the Constitutional Period. Evaluate how American imperialism was a turning point in American foreign policy.

Perry Expedition (1853-1854) Commodore Matthew Perry Encourage trade and diplomatic relations with Japan Convention of Kanagawa (1854)

Alaska Purchase (1867) “Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox” $7.2 million (2 cents per acre) to Russia for 586,412 sq. mi. Eventual discovery of gold and oil reserves

Hawaii White Intrusion Queen Liliuokalani Overthrow of Hawaii (1893) Sugar Plantation Owners Queen Liliuokalani Attempted to reassert native authority and drive out foreigners Overthrow of Hawaii (1893) Sanford Dole Republic of Hawaii (1894-1898) Annexation by U.S. (1898) Strategic commercial and military location

Why Hawaii?

Spanish-American War (1898) Origins and Causes Cuba Jose Marti DeLome Letter Spanish diplomat ridicules McKinley U.S.S. Maine (Feb. 15) 266 deaths “Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!” Yellow Journalism Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst War Declaration of War (Apr. 21) Teller Amendment U.S. promise Cuban independence, not annexation Caribbean Theater Rough Riders Pacific Theater Battle of Manila Bay Emilio Aguinaldo

Spanish-American War (1898) “A splendid little war.” Treaty of Paris American Acquisitions Puerto Rico Guam Philippines Cuba American military occupation (1898-1902) Platt Amendment (1901) Treaties required American approval Guantanamo Bay

Imperialists and Anti-Imperialists Opponents Mostly from Democratic Party Anti-Imperialist League Grover Cleveland (D) William Jennings Bryan (D) Senator Ben Tillman (D-SC) Samuel Gompers (AFL) Mark Twain Andrew Carnegie Jane Addams Reasons Undemocratic Violated republicanism “consent of the governed” Prevent influx of “inferior races” Proponents Most from GOP Theodore Roosevelt (R) John Hay (R) James G. Blaine (R) Reasons Economic expansion Political security International prestige Humanitarian efforts Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890) Social Darwinism Jingoism “White Man’s Burden” Insular Cases (1901-1903) Supreme Court ruled constitutional guarantees granted only by Congress to U.S. territories “Constitution does not necessarily follow the flag”

The Philippines Philippine-American War (1899-1902) Atrocities Torture by both sides Concentration camps Casualties 12,000-20,000 Filipinos 4,165 Americans 200,000-1,000,000 Filipino civilians Americanization Freedom of religion English as official language

America Should Retain the Philippines; America Should Not Rule the Philippines Albert J. Beveridge – “U.S. Senate Speech” (1900) Joseph Henry Crooker – “The Menace to America” (1900) The times call for candor. The Philippines are ours forever, “territory belonging to the United States,” as the Constitution calls them. And just beyond the Philippines are China’s illimitable markets. We will not retreat from either. We will not repudiate our duty in the archipelago. We will not abandon our opportunity in the Orient. We will not renounce our part in the mission of or race, trustee, under God, of the civilization of the world. And we will move forward with to our work, not howling our regrets like slaves whipped to their burdens, but with gratitude for a task worthy of our strength, and thanksgiving to Almighty God that He has marked us as His chosen people, henceforth to lead in the regeneration of the world. The policy advocated is the suppression of American principles, the surrender of our sublime ideals, and the end of our beneficent ministry of liberty among the nations. Just because I want to see America expand I condemn the policy as unpatriotic. Let us not deceive ourselves; the expansion of military rule and sordid commercialism is not the expansion of our real strength or true glory. Let us not mistake the renunciation of American ideals for the expansion of American institutions. Wherever the flag goes, there the constitution must go. Wherever the flag waves, there the whole of the flag must be present. Wherever the constitution is extended, there the entire constitution must rule. If any one does not wish to accept these consequences, then let the flag be brought back to the spot where it can represent true Americanism, and Americanism in its entirety.

China Open Door Policy Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) Secretary of State John Hay Spheres of influence Mutual economic policies among foreign powers Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) Eight-Nation Alliance against Chinese nationalists Severely weakened Qing Dynasty

Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) Big Stick Policy The Americas Roosevelt Corollary U.S. right to intervene if: Incapable of protecting American interests Stabilize economies to prevent European influence Panama Canal Panamanian Revolution (1903) Panama Canal opened 1914 Asian Policy Treaty of Portsmouth (1904) “Gentleman’s Agreement” (1907) Great White Fleet (1907-1909)

William Howard Taft (1909-1913) Dollar Diplomacy Encourage economic development infrastructure in Latin America and abroad Administration of loans and financing Railroad investments in China Lodge Corollary (1912) Henry Cabot Lodge Forbade any significant foreign acquisition in Western Hemisphere

Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) Moral Diplomacy Pursuit of non-expansionist policies and promote democratic governments Despite military intervention in Haiti, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, and Mexico Mexico Revolution Tampico Affair (1914) Pancho Villa Expedition (1916-1917) General John J. Pershing World War I Fourteen Points