Effect of garlic on lipid peroxidation and antioxidation enzymes in DMBA-induced skin carcinoma  Ila Das, Ph.D., Tapas Saha, Ph.D.  Nutrition  Volume 25, Issue 4, Pages 459-471 (April 2009) DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.10.014 Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Effects of DMBA on different groups of female “Swiss albino mice”. (A) Changes in the body weight of mice from week 0 to week 12 after treatments. The difference in body weight between the NC and CC groups was progressively greater along the weeks; body weights of GrA, GrB, and GrC mice are between those of the NC and CC groups. (B) Incident of papillomas after DMBA application. NC mice did not develop any papilloma but 95% of the DMBA-treated mice developed papilloma growth until the end of 12 wk. Garlic-treated groups of mice demonstrated slower growth of papillomas. CC, carcinogen control; DMBA, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene; GrA, group A; GrB, group B; GrC, group C; NC, normal control. Nutrition 2009 25, 459-471DOI: (10.1016/j.nut.2008.10.014) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Garlic-induced reduction of tumor in female “Swiss albino mice”. (A) Normal mouse injected with control acetone. (B) Mouse treated with DMBA and croton oil for 8 wk and observation was made after 12 wk. (C) Mouse treated with DMBA as in B but with garlic infusion before and after DMBA application as in group B mice. DMBA, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Nutrition 2009 25, 459-471DOI: (10.1016/j.nut.2008.10.014) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Hematoxylin and eosin staining of cross sections of mouse skin treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene for 8 wk as in the carcinogen control group starting from (A) week 0, (B) week 2, (C) week 6, and (D) week 12. Histology of the skin demonstrates progression from normal to carcinogenic skin as indicated by specialized structures. Nutrition 2009 25, 459-471DOI: (10.1016/j.nut.2008.10.014) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Hematoxylin and eosin staining of cross sections of mice skin treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene as in the carcinogen control group and simultaneously fed with a garlic infusion as listed in Table 1 for group A, B, and C mice. (A, B) Group A mice, (C, D) group B mice, and (E, F) group C mice at 2 wk and 6 wk simultaneously. Histology of the group B and A mouse skins demonstrate near-normal phenotype with the histology of the carcinogen control group of mice at week 0 (Fig. 3). Nutrition 2009 25, 459-471DOI: (10.1016/j.nut.2008.10.014) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Effects of garlic infusion on LPO in mouse liver after treatment for 2 wk (top) and 12 wk (bottom). Arrows indicates percentage of downregulation of LPOs in different groups of mice that were treated with garlic (Table 1) compared with the CC group. Data are means ± SEMs. CC, carcinogen control; GrA, group A; GrB, group B; GrC, group C; LPO, lipid peroxide; NC, normal control; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances. Nutrition 2009 25, 459-471DOI: (10.1016/j.nut.2008.10.014) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Effects of garlic infusion on phase II detoxification enzymes in mouse liver after treatment for 2 wk (top) and 12 wk (bottom). Arrows indicate percentage of upregulation of (A) GST and (B) GPx enzyme production in different groups of mice that were treated with garlic (Table 1) when compared with the CC group. Data are means ± SEMs. CC, carcinogen control; CDNB, 1-chloro-2-4-di-nitrobenzene; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GrA, group A; GrB, group B; GrC, group C; GSH, glutathione; GST, glutathione-S-transferase; NC, normal control. Nutrition 2009 25, 459-471DOI: (10.1016/j.nut.2008.10.014) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Effects of garlic infusion on catalase and SOD in mouse liver after treatment for 2 wk (top) and 12 wk (bottom). Arrows indicate percentage of upregulation of (A) catalase and (B) SOD enzyme production in different groups of mice that were treated with garlic (Table 1) when compared with the CC group. Data are means ± SEMs. CC, carcinogen control; GrA, group A; GrB, group B; GrC, group C; NC, normal control; SOD, superoxide dismutase. Nutrition 2009 25, 459-471DOI: (10.1016/j.nut.2008.10.014) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 Hematoxylin and eosin staining of cross sections of mouse liver (A) untreated and (B) treated with DMBA and croton oil as in the carcinogen control group. Mouse livers in both cases appear with normal hepatic cords and central vein, demonstrating wild-type characteristics. DMBA, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Nutrition 2009 25, 459-471DOI: (10.1016/j.nut.2008.10.014) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 Garlic downregulates expressions of COX-2, p53, and caspase-3. (A) Protein lysates from the affected skins from different groups of mice were immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies. (B) Densitometry was performed with the three different immunoblotting experiments and is represented as a bar diagram. Error bars represent ±SEM. CC, carcinogen control; COX-2, cyclo-oxygenase-2; GrA, group A; GrB, group B; GrC, group C; NC, normal control. Nutrition 2009 25, 459-471DOI: (10.1016/j.nut.2008.10.014) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions