Stretch: Why has language evolved in this way? Lexical Change Aim: To investigate how words and the formations of words change over time – and why. Starter: Look at the following lexis – and sort them into three categories: forsooth Gofer selfie blog enow vodka zen remix thy Bark (of a ship) guacamole Credit crunch To Google (verb) ginseng funk pyjamas Borrowed (loan words): taken from another language Coined: completely new lexis. Archaic: lexis that is no longer in use. Stretch: Why has language evolved in this way?

Call My Bluff… Pick one of these words which was recently entered into the OED. Find the real definition and write two more “false” definitions of the word and be prepared to present them to the class who will have to guess which definition is the genuine one. http://public.oed.com/the-oed-today/recent-updates-to-the-oed/september-2016-update/new-words-list-september-2016/ Key Vocabulary: Neologism: A neologism is the name given to a relatively new term, word, or phrase that may be in the process of entering common use, but that has not yet been accepted into mainstream language.

Key Vocabulary: Neologism: AO1 Apply appropriate methods of language analysis, using associated terminology and coherent written expression. Key Vocabulary: Neologism: A neologism is the name given to a relatively new term, word, or phrase that may be in the process of entering common use, but that has not yet been accepted into mainstream language.

Different types of neologisms – Station 1 Look at the words below and work out how and why they’ve been created. Then think about the implications of each word: Multimedia Multimodal Microwave Supermarket Multiracial Microchip Ageism Interact

Different types of neologisms – Station 2 Look at the words below and work out how and why they’ve been created. Then think about the implications of each word: Blackbird Downplay Classroom Laptop Eyewitness Headhunter Backache Floorboard

Different types of neologisms – Station 3 Look at the words below. Try to work out how and why they’ve been created. Then think about the implications of each word: Oxbridge Smog Blog Email Webinar Motel Ginormous Emoticon

Different types of neologisms – Station 4 Look at the words below. Try to work out how and why they’ve been created. Then think about the implications of each word: To start/ a start A bottle/ to bottle If, but/ No ifs and buts To contest/ a contest An eye/ to eye Up, down/ The ups and downs of life Open (adj)/ to open To call/ a call

Can you match the term to the definition? Coinage/neologism Borrowing/loan words Compounding Clipping Blending Acronym Initialism Affixation Conversion/functional shift Eponym Back formation A verb created from an existing noun by removing a suffix (i.e. locate from location) Deliberate creation of a new word. Uncommon Combined words to create new ones. May be hyphenated, open or solid. Combination of clipping and combining. Name of person or company used to define particular objects. E.g. hoover, pasteurise First letters taken to form a new term. E.g. NATO or FOMO Free morphemes combined with bound morphemes e.g. regift Word shifting from one class to another. Usually noun – verb e.g. I googled it. Shortened words become the norm. Borrowing of words from other languages. They may be anglicised so they do not ‘look’ like loan words. First letters taken to form new term but all letters are pronounced e.g. OMG or CD

Look at these neologisms (coined words). How were they formed Look at these neologisms (coined words). How were they formed? What do they suggest about society? Road rage Blairism Mockney carbicide A ‘domestic’ overshare phubbing (when you ‘snub’ someone by looking at your phone in a social setting) smartwatch unplugged wedding

Lexical loss This image is an extract from Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary (which we will see when we go to his house). How many words do you recognise? Read through Johnson’s definitions – do these words have the same meanings now as they did in 1755? Check with a good dictionary website on your iPad.

Lexical loss This image is an extract from Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary (which we will see when we go to his house). How many words do you recognise? Read through Johnson’s definitions – do these words have the same meanings now as they did in 1755? Check with a good dictionary website on your iPad.

Lexical loss This image is an extract from Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary (which we will see when we go to his house). How many words do you recognise? Read through Johnson’s definitions – do these words have the same meanings now as they did in 1755? Check with a good dictionary website on your iPad.

Other language levels… Do you notice any grammatical differences in Johnson’s defintions? Any spelling differences? Any typographical differences?

Homework – Practice Section A answer Analyse how Text A uses language to create meanings and representations. Choose one of the extracts from the Dictionary and write a Section A Question 1/2 response. Remember that you need to discuss BOTH the language levels AND context – language change will come under context.

Don’t forget Hudson’s Dimensions of Mode