Warm-Up – 9/8 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: How did the airplane influence the way the war was fought? How were airships (dirigibles and zeppelins) used during the war? How did airships use influence aircraft development?

Questions / Comments

Warm-Up – 9/8 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: How did the airplane influence the way the war was fought? How were airships (dirigibles and zeppelins) used during the war? How did airships use influence aircraft development?

Military Role of the Airplane First Long Range Strategic Bombing raid Three (3) British Avro 504s bombed a Zeppelin storage shed in southern Germany Little damage but caused Germans to form their first bombing squadron 1915 – Germans were raiding behind allied lines in France Later began bombing London using dirigibles and airplanes

Warm-Up – 9/8 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: How did the airplane influence the way the war was fought? How were airships (dirigibles and zeppelins) used during the war? How did airships use influence aircraft development?

Europe in World War I Beginning of World War I Germany had 20 dirigibles Produced 88 more during the war Germany used them as strategic bombers against French and English cities

Warm-Up – 9/8 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: How did the airplane influence the way the war was fought? How were airships (dirigibles and zeppelins) used during the war? How did airships use influence aircraft development?

Europe in World War I They were accurate bombers Highly flammable Because they were vulnerable to anti- aircraft fire from ground and air Mainly flown at night 1916 – Germany created a replacement – twin-engine bomber the Gotha IV This caused British fighters to be called back from war in France To help protect British cities from the dirigibles

Questions / Comments

THIS DAY IN AVIATION September 8 1856 — The first Canadians to fly are A.E. Kierzkowski and A.X. Rambau, who fly in Eugene Godard's balloon.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION September 8 1928 — Seventy-six of the 260 graduates at West Point choose Air Corps as their branch of service and are assigned to Brooks Field, Texas, for primary flying training.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION September 8 - 16 1928 — An average of 28,000 persons a day attend the National Air Races and Exposition at Los Angeles California.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION September 8 1945 — General MacArthur enters Tokyo.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION September 8 1962 — First “Atlas-F” operational missile squadron installed at Schilling AFB, Kansas.

Questions / Comments

September 2016 Chapter 2 Intro Curtiss Vin Fiz Progress Rpts Due Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 29 Chapter 2 Intro 30 Curtiss 31 Vin Fiz Progress Rpts Due 1 Progress in Europe 2 NO SCHOOL STORM 3   4 5 HOLIDAY 6 QUIZ Progress Rpts Sent Home 7 WWI Preparing for War Fighter Development 8 Fighter Aces Lafayette Escadrille 9 WWI TEST FltLine Friday “FlyBoys” 10 11 12 Chapter 3 The Golden Age 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 The Golden Age Progress Rpts Due 22 23 24 27 28

Questions / Comments

The Adolescence of Air Power Chapter 2 The Adolescence of Air Power 1904-1919

Today’s Mission Requirements What type of aircraft led to gaining control of the air? Describe the first type of bullet deflection used on propellers. What influence did the invention of the interrupting gear have on the use of fighter aircraft? Describe the problems associated with the wing mounted machine guns? Describe the first all metal, low wing monoplane. EQ: Describe significant aviation events occurring between 1904-1919 and their impact on future aviation development.

Dog Fights

Conquer the Air “The sky is about to become another battlefield no less important than the battlefields on land and sea....In order to conquer the air, it is necessary to deprive the enemy of all means of flying, by striking at him in the air, at his bases of operation, or at his production centers. We had better get accustomed to this idea, and prepare ourselves.” (Italian staff officer), 1909

Introduction Initially, air combat was rare Reconnaissance / observation took priority Often rival aircraft waved or smiled at each other Progressed to throwing bricks, grenades or even rope – hoping to get it tangled in the propeller Eventually pilots began firing pistols at each other

First aircraft brought down by another was an Austria reconnaissance rammed on Sep 8, 1914 by a Russian pilot (both planes crashed – killing all)

Introduction As more and more bombing raids took place, clear need for control of the air was needed. Fighter or pursuit aircraft were needed to drive off bombers.

Fighter Development 1915 – French pilot – Roland Garros Mounted an automatic rifle on aircraft Fired through the propeller To keep from shooting off propeller, the rear of the propeller was armored with steel plates

The Steel Deflector Plate Fix Angled metal guards on the propeller in line with the path of the bullets The guard is a "V" shaped piece of steel "U" shaped bullet "gutter" intended to direct the deflected path of the bullet striking it away from the propeller. sending a ricocheting bullet back into the pilot. bullet striking the plate could create fractures in the propeller causing it to fail.

Fighter Development Germans captured Garros and his plane Dutch – airplane designer – Anthony Fokker improved on design Fokker designed a machine gun that fired through a spinning propeller This gave Germans total control over the skies for over a year

Anatomy of the Interrupter Gear

Interrupting Gear

Fokker E.I Eindecker: 1915 The Fokker E.I was the first aircraft armed with a synchronized, forward firing machine gun. Although underpowered and slow it could out-turn most of its opponents

Fighter Development Allies tried to mount a gun to the top of the wing but was ineffective due to increased drag

Fire above the path of the propeller: The Wing-Mounted Gun Solution: Fire above the path of the propeller: Fitted with either drum or clip ammunition feed systems Two issues: Unreliable and prone to jamming difficult task of reloading ammunition or clearing a round from a jammed gun while flying

Fighter Development 1916 – allies captured a German plane and were able to copy the machine gun design British Fe2b

Fighter Development May 1918 German designer Hugo Junkers built world’s first all metal, low-wing monoplane fighter called the Junkers D1 Arrived too late to make a difference in the war but was the fighter of the future

Junkers D.I: 1918 The Junkers monoplane was rugged, fast, and agile. The design was a decade ahead of its time appearing a year too late

WWI Fighters

Nieuport 11: 1915 The Nieuport 11 "Bébé" (baby) was fast and extremely maneuverable. Used by the British and French to counter the Fokker E.III.

SPAD S VII: 1916 The French Air Service replaced the Nieuport 17 with the SPAD S.VII, it was fast, durable and difficult to shoot down.

Sopwith Camel: 1917 An agile, highly maneuverable biplane, the Sopwith Camel accounted for more aerial victories than any other Allied aircraft during World War I.

Fokker Dr.I - 1917 The Fokker DR.I triplane was small, lightweight and highly maneuverable, it offered good upward, visibility making it an outstanding plane in a dogfight

Fokker D.VII - 1918 The Fokker D.VII is widely regarded as the best German fighter aircraft of the Great War.

Questions / Comments

Today’s Mission Requirements Describe who developed method for recognizing pilots who shot down enemy aircraft. What was the term used to describe a pilot that who shot down enemy aircraft? Describe the difference between the Allied method and German method to determine a fighter ace. EQ: Describe significant aviation events occurring between 1904-1919 and their impact on future aviation development.

WWI Fighter Aces

Fighter Aces French developed method for recognizing pilots who shot down enemy aircraft.

Fighter Aces Used the term “ace” for a pilot who shot down five enemy aircraft The British and the Americans adopted the same criteria

Fighter Aces Germans required10 enemy aircraft downed for “Ace” to be used

WWI Fighter Aces

WWI Fighter Aces USA Edward V. Rickenbacher (26 Victories) Oct 8, 1890 – Jul 27, 1973 300 combat missions (most of any US pilot) Medal of Honor recipient Race car Driver / owner Indianapolis Speedway / Eastern Airlines Frank Luke (18 victories) May 19, 1897 – Sep 29, 1918 Over 17 days – had 18 victories (14/4) 1st Medal of Honor recipient Luke Air Force Base (Phoenix, AZ)

WWI Fighter Aces USA Raoul Lufbery – (17 victories) Mar 14, 1885 – May 19, 1918 Lafayette Escadrille French Legions of Honor

WWI Fighter Aces France Rene Fonck– (75 victories – 72/3) Mar 27, 1894 – Jun 18, 1953 Ended WWI as top “Allied Ace of Aces” French Legions of Honor “I put my bullets into the target as if I placed them there by hand”

WWI Fighter Aces England Edward Mannock– (61 victories ) May 24, 1887 – Jul 26, 1918 Interned by the Turks in prison as a laborer – 1915 Took to flying - deep hatred for the Germans “I sent one of them to Hell in flames today – I wish Kaiser Bill could have seen him sizzle.” British Victoria Cross

WWI Fighter Aces Germany Manfred von Richtofen– (80 victories ) May 2, 1892 – Apr 21, 1918 “Aces of Aces” “Red Devil” – “Red Knight” Leader of the “Flying Circus” British buried him with full military honors Albatros D. III Fokker Dr. I

Nieuport 28 Cockpit

SPAD S. VII Cockpit

Fokker Dr. 1 Cockpit

Fokker D VII Cockpit

F-16 Cockpit

Cessna 172 Cockpit

747 – 400 Cockpit

Airbus 300 Cockpit

Today’s Mission Requirements Describe the aim of the Lafayette Escadrille when it was formed. What was the contribution of the Lafayette Escadrille to the war effort? Describe the squadron mascots of the Lafayette Escadrille and their names? EQ: Describe significant aviation events occurring between 1904-1919 and their impact on future aviation development.

The Arizona Balloon Buster Video of the Day Lt. Frank Luke Jr. The Arizona Balloon Buster

German Drachen Balloon 14 of 18 kills were balloons

Website of the Day Class Page www.Petrucciaviation.weebly.com Ace Pilots http://acepilots.com

Questions / Comments

The Lafayette Escadrille

Video of the Day Raoul Lufbery

Lafayette Escadrille Before World War I – planes were not considered instruments of combat Observers, lap-bombers, fighters, dedicated bombers Dr. Edmund Gros and Norman Prince led efforts to convince French government the value of a volunteer American unit to fight for France Aim was to influence American stance against neutrality and join the fight

Lafayette Escadrille Stood up spring of 1916 Escadrille Americaine (number 124) was deployed April 20, 1916 Germans filed an objection to the name Changed to Lafayette Escadrille Dec 1916 The aircraft, mechanics, and uniforms were French

Captain Georges Thenault – 1st commander (French)

Capt Thenault and other Escadrille pilots

The Lafayette Escadrille was from the beginning a pursuit squadron. Originally provided with the Nieuport 11, armed with a single Lewis gun on top of the plane Changed successively to the Vickers-armed Nieuport 17 SPAD S.VII with a single Vickers machinegun and the SPAD S.XIII with the twin-Vickers machinegun. Nieuport 17 SPAD S.VII

Nieuport 11 Lewis Machine Gun

Nieuport 17

Nieuport 28 Cockpit

SPAD S.VII Vickers Machine Gun

SPAD S.XIII in the colors and markings of Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker, U.S. 94th Aero Squadron

SPAD S. VII Cockpit

Fokker D.VII

Fokker D VII Cockpit

Fokker Dr. I

Fokker Dr. 1 Cockpit

On Monday, 18 February 1918, under the provisions of an agreement between the French and American armies, the Lafayette Escadrille became the 103d Aero Squadron- originally known as 103d Pursuit Squadron- United States Army Air Service. During its tenure, the Lafayette Escadrille had officially confirmed 199 German aircraft victories. No major influence on outcome of war.

Of these volunteer pilots, five died of illness; six by accidents in the aviation schools; fifteen were taken prisoners; nineteen were wounded in combat; and, fifty-one were killed over the Front lines. The French government recognized the American volunteers for their heroic achievements in the skies over France with the following: four Legions of Honor, seven Medailles Militaires, and thirty-one citations (each with a Croix de guerre).

The Lafayette Escadrille Squadron mascots Lions – Whiskey and Soda

Questions / Comments

Today’s Mission Requirements Describe who developed method for recognizing pilots who shot down enemy aircraft. What was the term used to describe a pilot that who shot down enemy aircraft? Describe the difference between the Allied method and German method to determine a fighter ace. EQ: Describe significant aviation events occurring between 1904-1919 and their impact on future aviation development.

Fighter Aces French developed method for recognizing pilots who shot down enemy aircraft.

Today’s Mission Requirements Describe who developed method for recognizing pilots who shot down enemy aircraft. What was the term used to describe a pilot that who shot down enemy aircraft? Describe the difference between the Allied method and German method to determine a fighter ace. EQ: Describe significant aviation events occurring between 1904-1919 and their impact on future aviation development.

Fighter Aces Used the term “ace” for a pilot who shot down five enemy aircraft The British and the Americans adopted the same criteria

Today’s Mission Requirements Describe who developed method for recognizing pilots who shot down enemy aircraft. What was the term used to describe a pilot that who shot down enemy aircraft? Describe the difference between the Allied method and German method to determine a fighter ace. EQ: Describe significant aviation events occurring between 1904-1919 and their impact on future aviation development.

Fighter Aces Germans required10 enemy aircraft downed for “Ace” to be used

Questions / Comments

Lesson Closure - 3 – 2 - 1 2. List 2 things you have questions about today’s lesson. 3. List 3 things you learned today. 1. Create (1) quiz question with answer about today’s lesson.

Model Building Grading Rubic Each Group MUST follow all directions STOP! - If you are unsure SAFETY at ALL Times Accuracy and Authenticity will be judged Each Group Member is responsible to produce a 2 page paper on the model. Aircraft Specifications Aircraft contribution to Aviation development Significant Aviation Pioneers associated with aircraft (pilots, inventors etc.) The Group will provide a Presentation on the model. 5to 7 slides (Title slide; Body; Summary Slide)

Safety Rules – Safety Monitor Brief Must Use Safety Glasses Use of Cutting tools is Dangerous – AT ALL TIMES Must Use Cutting Mats Extended breathing of adhesives and paint fumes can be dangerous All Areas will remain clean and organized Plane Captains will insure All Areas will be cleaned and all items put back in proper locations 10minutes prior to class ending Class safety monitor will insure areas are clean and safe at all times

SAFETY FIRST. SAFETY ALWAYS.

Questions / Comments

Today’s Mission Requirements What type of aircraft led to gaining control of the air? Describe the first type of bullet deflection used on propellers. What influence did the invention of the interrupting gear have on the use of fighter aircraft? Describe the problems associated with the wing mounted machine guns? Describe the first all metal, low wing monoplane. EQ: Describe significant aviation events occurring between 1904-1919 and their impact on future aviation development.

Introduction As more and more bombing raids took place, clear need for control of the air was needed. Fighter or pursuit aircraft were needed to drive off bombers.

Today’s Mission Requirements What type of aircraft led to gaining control of the air? Describe the first type of bullet deflection used on propellers. What influence did the invention of the interrupting gear have on the use of fighter aircraft? Describe the problems associated with the wing mounted machine guns? Describe the first all metal, low wing monoplane. EQ: Describe significant aviation events occurring between 1904-1919 and their impact on future aviation development.

Fighter Development 1915 – French pilot – Roland Garros Mounted an automatic rifle on aircraft Fired through the propeller To keep from shooting off propeller, the rear of the propeller was armored with steel plates

Today’s Mission Requirements What type of aircraft led to gaining control of the air? Describe the first type of bullet deflection used on propellers. What influence did the invention of the interrupting gear have on the use of fighter aircraft? Describe the problems associated with the wing mounted machine guns? Describe the first all metal, low wing monoplane. EQ: Describe significant aviation events occurring between 1904-1919 and their impact on future aviation development.

Fighter Development Germans captured Garros and his plane Dutch – airplane designer – Anthony Fokker improved on design Fokker designed a machine gun that fired through a spinning propeller This gave Germans total control over the skies for over a year

Today’s Mission Requirements What type of aircraft led to gaining control of the air? Describe the first type of bullet deflection used on propellers. What influence did the invention of the interrupting gear have on the use of fighter aircraft? Describe the problems associated with the wing mounted machine guns? Describe the first all metal, low wing monoplane. EQ: Describe significant aviation events occurring between 1904-1919 and their impact on future aviation development.

Fighter Development Allies tried to mount a gun to the top of the wing but was ineffective due to increased drag

Fire above the path of the propeller: The Wing-Mounted Gun Solution: Fire above the path of the propeller: Fitted with either drum or clip ammunition feed systems Two issues: Unreliable and prone to jamming difficult task of reloading ammunition or clearing a round from a jammed gun while flying

Today’s Mission Requirements What type of aircraft led to gaining control of the air? Describe the first type of bullet deflection used on propellers. What influence did the invention of the interrupting gear have on the use of fighter aircraft? Describe the problems associated with the wing mounted machine guns? Describe the first all metal, low wing monoplane. EQ: Describe significant aviation events occurring between 1904-1919 and their impact on future aviation development.

Fighter Development May 1918 German designer Hugo Junkers built world’s first all metal, low-wing monoplane fighter called the Junkers D1 Arrived too late to make a difference in the war but was the fighter of the future

Questions / Comments

Model Building Grading Rubic Each Group MUST follow all directions STOP! - If you are unsure SAFETY at ALL Times Accuracy and Authenticity will be judged Each Group Member is responsible to produce a 2 page paper on the model. Aircraft Specifications Aircraft contribution to Aviation development Significant Aviation Pioneers associated with aircraft (pilots, inventors etc.) The Group will provide a Presentation on the model. 5to 7 slides (Title slide; Body; Summary Slide)

Questions / Comments

Lesson Closure - 3 – 2 - 1 2. List 2 things you have questions about today’s lesson. 3. List 3 things you learned today. 1. Create (1) quiz question with answer about today’s lesson.

Questions / Comments

Safety Rules – Safety Monitor Brief Must Use Safety Glasses Use of Cutting tools is Dangerous – AT ALL TIMES Must Use Cutting Mats Extended breathing of adhesives and paint fumes can be dangerous All Areas will remain clean and organized Plane Captains will insure All Areas will be cleaned and all items put back in proper locations 10minutes prior to class ending Class safety monitor will insure areas are clean and safe at all times

SAFETY FIRST. SAFETY ALWAYS.

Questions / Comments

Fighter Aces French developed method for recognizing pilots who shot down enemy aircraft. Used the term “ace” for a pilot who shot down five enemy aircraft The British and the Americans adopted the same criteria Germans required10 enemy aircraft downed for “Ace” to be used

WWI Fighter Aces

Fokker Machine Gun

The engine revolves at least 1,000 turns per minute two chances for the gun to fire for each revolution this would allow the gun to fire 2,000 shots per minute The rate of fire of a machine gun varies from about 400 to 1,000 shots per minute

October 2014 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 29 30 Progress in Europe Model Building 1 2 Flying Vertical Commercial Flying 3 4   5 6 Chapter 2 QUIZ Preparing for War WWI – Role of the Airplane 7 8 Europe in WWI Fighter Development 9 10 FltLine Friday 11 12 13 14 Fighter Aces 15 16 US in WWI Ind 2 pg paper Presentation / Models Due 18 19 20 Chapter 2 TEST 1st Quarter Grades Due 21 22 “FlyBoys” 23 24 No School Parent/Teacher Conf. 25 26 27 28 31