YOGA - a scientific appraisal THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF YOGA - a scientific appraisal Dr. R Nagarathna MD, FRCP(Edin) Vivekananda Yoga Mahavidyapeetham (Deemed University), Bangalore. Email : vkyogas@vsnl.com, WEB : www.vyasa.org Ph : 91-80-661 2669 FAX : 91-80-660 8645

HEALTH - WHAT IS HEALTH? -Absence of Disease ? “ HEALTH is a state of well being at physical, mental, social and spiritual levels and not mere absence of illness or infirmity “

ADHIJA VYADHI -SAMANYA -COMMON - MODERN STRESS RELATED AILMENTS STRESS - BEGINS IN MANOMAYA KOSA

STRESS YOGIC DEFINITION OF STRESS IS SPEED

REDUCE SPEED AT ALL LEVELS I A Y T STRESS IS SPEED REDUCE SPEED AT ALL LEVELS

YOGA IS THE SKILL TO CALM DOWN THE MIND - MANAH PRASAMANA UPAYAH YOGAH -VASISTA .

I A Y T - - MANOMAYA - - - DARANA, DHYANA EMOTION CULTURE ANNAMAYA - DIET, KRIYAS ASANAS - - PRANA - PRANAYAMA MANOMAYA - DARANA, DHYANA EMOTION CULTURE - -

VIJNANA MAYA I A Y T NOTIONAL CORRECTION, HAPPINESS ANALYSIS ANANDAMAYA I A Y T KARMA YOGA, (ACTION IN BLISS) (SELFLESS SERVICE )

Yoga Cures stress related ailments

AN INVESTMENT FOR PROGRESSIVE EXECUTIVES  1-28 SMET AN INVESTMENT FOR PROGRESSIVE EXECUTIVES 9% DEEP SLEEP SMET 24% 35 MIN 6 HRS

YOGA FOR A S T H M A

PSYCHE SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC

N = 53 PAIRS 3 TO 54 MONTHS 1985 BMJ

N = 53 PAIRS 3 TO 54 MONTHS 1985 BMJ

HB: HAEMOGLOBIN l: LYMPHOCYTE%, E: EOSINOPHIL%, HB: HAEMOGLOBIN l: LYMPHOCYTE%, E: EOSINOPHIL%, AEC: ABSOLUTE EOSINOPHIL COUNT

YOGA FOR ARTHRITIS

MANOMAYA KÔÙA STRESS IS SPEED AUTO IMMUNITY B THYMUS LYMPHOCYTES T

% improvement after 2 weeks of IAYT N 34 AGE: 46+12 % improvement after 2 weeks of IAYT SS: symptoms score; PAS:pain analogue scale;PPC: psycho physiological checklist; SRAS: self rating anxiety scale; BRS:Bortner’s rating scale (type A personality)

% improvement after 2 weeks of IAYT AM: Angle of movement; JS: Joint swelling; HGS: Hand grip strength

? ? INSULIN EXERCISE GLUCAGON ADRENALIN CORTISONE THYROXIN GLUCOSE IMBALANCE

Direct Neuroendocrine Dysregulation Indirect Compliance Misbehaviours STRESS AND METABOLIC CONTROL DIABETES MELLITUS PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS PSYCHOSOMATIC EFFECT Direct Neuroendocrine Dysregulation PSYCHOSOCIAL EFFECT Indirect Compliance Misbehaviours METABOLIC CONTROL

N=Y 11, C=10 NIDDM 2 WEEKS OF IAYT YOGA P<0.05 CONTROL N=Y 11, C=10 NIDDM 2 WEEKS OF IAYT Dr DANDONA, Dr R MANRO ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL LONDON 1992, COMPLIMENTARY MEDICAL RESEARCH UK vol VI(2)

YOGA P<0.05 CONTROL

3154 men Age 39-59 followed up for 8 yrs CAD 3154 men Age 39-59 followed up for 8 yrs Type A personality - (Jenkins Activity Survey) Type - A: Twice likely to CAD than non type - A Strong correlation between Type - A personality and extent of athero-thrombosis

REVERSING HEART DISEASE BY LIFE STYLE CHANGE PROGRAM DEAN ORNISH, USA 1 YEAR FOLLOWUP CONTROL STUDY CONTROL GROUP - BLOCKS STUDY GROUP - BLOCKS NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, USA

YOGA FOR OBESITY

PSYCHE BASIC INSTINCTS LIKE HUNGER SURVIVAL INSTINCT PROCREATION SLEEP AHÁRA NIDRÁ BHAYA MAITHUNAM CA.....

EATING DISORDERS DEPRESSION BULEMIA ANXIETY ANOREXIA NERVOSA YOGA = MASTERY OVER MIND REMOVES CAUSE

% improvement after 2 weeks of IAYT 3.6 10.3 5.5 8 10.7 12.8 8.1 9.5 % improvement after 2 weeks of IAYT N 98 AGE: 40.5 + 10.8 DURATION OF IAYT: 2 WEEKS

INCREASES O2 CONSUMPTION - - PRANAMAYA KOSA BALANCE OF PRÁNA SURYANULOMA VILOMA INCREASES O2 CONSUMPTION = EXERCISE EFFECT RIGHT LEFT SAV 35% NS17%

BACK PAIN N = 126, AGE 39. 5 + 11.5

UNCONTROLLED CELL MULTIPLICATION What is cancer? UNCONTROLLED CELL MULTIPLICATION

GENETICALLY PROGRAMMED GROWTH DEATH REPLICATION DESTRUCTION BALANCE HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY

EMOTIONAL IMPACT Clinician / Psychologist often knows too little as to what is in their minds.

DESIGN OF STUDY Group A n=20 Intervention or Experimental group 2-4 week 6 weeks 18 weeks yoga yoga yoga –1hr session daily Surgery radiotherapy chemotherapy 6 cycles

DESIGN OF STUDY Group B n = 20 controls. Chemotherapy Radio 6 cycles 2 - 4 weeks counselloing 6 weeks counselling 18 weeks counselling Surgery Radio therapy Chemotherapy 6 cycles

YOGA THERAPY INTERVENTION Breathing exercises. Relaxation techniques. IRT, QRT, DRT. Pranayama. Positive guided imagery - MIRT  SMET. Pranic energising technique. Mind sound resonance technique. 

MIRT Imagery very useful, Pts asked to draw picutre of Macro phage engulging cancer cells NK engulfing cancer cells.

IMMUNE CELLS VS CANCER Electron microscopy images of clusters of T- Lymphocytes attacking the cancer cell at the center

MENTAL IMAGERIES - A POSITIVE HOPE The cancer cell is being flattened and killed by the T-Lymphocytes.The immune system is victorious in the battle.

SANYAMAH - THE WAY TO SIDDHI TRAYAM EKATHRA SANYAMAH DHARANA + DHYANA + SAMADHI

RESULTS

ROLE OF MIND & STRESS ON MOTHER & FOETUS PREGNANCY ROLE OF MIND & STRESS ON MOTHER & FOETUS BEING RECOGNISED MORE & MORE

YOGA RELAXATION TECHNIQUE - MSRT III - TRIMESTER (7-9 MONTHS) DOPPLER STUDY - VYASA 1998 YOGA RELAXATION TECHNIQUE - MSRT INCREASED UMBELICAL BLOOD FLOW

PHYSICAL HEALTH POSITIVE MOTOR HEALTH STRENGTH speed DEXTERITY STEADINESS

STRENGTH

Positive physical health – Strength H G S, Adults males N = 21, IAYT (One month) M Das, S Telles; IJPP: 2001;45 (3); 355 - 360

POSITIVE HEALTH Lung Function Test - PHYSICAL - WELL BEING Better General Health - Wt, BP, LFT Reduced ANS arousal - HR , RR  Autonomic balance - GSR normalcy Somatic steadiness - errors  Lung Function Test Wt HR GSR School PT Teachers N 40 Age 25 - 48 yrs Yoga 3 Mts FEV1 FEV1 FVC FVC BEFORE AFTER

SPEED

YOGA-INCREASED MOTOR SPEED (10 secs) - PHYSICAL - MOTOR SPEED POSITIVE HEALTH FINGER TAPPING SPEED - both hands 30 Days YOGA 30 Days NO. YOGA 10 Days ADULTS(53) CONTROL (38) CHILDREN (152) 10 secs 20 secs 30 secs YOGA-INCREASED MOTOR SPEED (10 secs) NOT ENDURANCE (20,30 secs) IJPP 1999 43(3) 458-462

DEXTERITY

POSITIVE HEALTH O’CONNER’S - performance TWEEZER DEXTERITY TEST Yoga - Deputed 20 Control 20 Yoga - Voluntary 20 Control 20 Age 17 - 22 yrs Females - 5 IAYT - 10 Days Significantly better after Yoga in voluntary group not in control or deputed Motivation is important IJPP 9943(2):225-229

Steadiness

Positive physical health - Steadiness Static motor performance Metal stylus in holes 10 days IAYT Yoga – 45, Control – 45 Age 9 -13 (girls & boys)

POSITIVE HEALTH STATIC MOTOR Yoga 20 control 20 Age 17 - 22 yrs - PHYSICAL - WELL BEING POSITIVE HEALTH STATIC MOTOR Yoga 20 control 20 Age 17 - 22 yrs Females - 5 IAYT - 10 Days METAL STYLUS - IN HOLES OF DECREASING SIZE - ERRORS COUNTED Reduction in errors- 23 % in Yoga not in control IJPP 1994 38(2:143-144)

POSITIVE HEALTH Lung Function Test - PHYSICAL - WELL BEING Better General Health - Wt, BP, LFT Reduced ANS arousal - HR , RR  Autonomic balance - GSR normalcy Somatic steadiness - errors  Lung Function Test Wt HR GSR School PT Teachers N 40 Age 25 - 48 yrs Yoga 3 Mts FEV1 FEV1 FVC FVC BEFORE AFTER

Positive Mental Health perception

Visual temporal perception - MENTAL - PERCEPTION POSITIVE HEALTH Serial CFF Recording Yoga 18 control 18 Age 25 - 39 yrs IAYT - 30 Days 10 days No Change 20 days 11.9% 30 days 14.9% Yoga group - Significant change only after 20 days in this age group Reduced stress Visual temporal perception IJPP 1997 41(2:71-74)

CFF Increased after Yoga for 10 days - MENTAL - PERCEPTION POSITIVE HEALTH Yoga(10Days)18 control 18 Age 17 - 22 yrs CRITICAL FLICKER FUSION Frequency at which a flickering light is perceived to be steady Yoga Control CFF Increased after Yoga for 10 days J. of Indian Psychology 1995 13(1): 30-32

> > > > POSITIVE HEALTH OPTICAL ILLUSION Yoga 30 SPACIAL VISUAL PERCEPTION POSITIVE HEALTH OPTICAL ILLUSION Yoga 30 control 30 Age 18 - 40 yrs IAYT - 30 Days MULLER LYER APPARATUS TRATAKA - FOCUS & DEFOCUS - 86% NO DEFOCUSSING - 79% NO YOGA - NO CHANGE HOW? NOT RETINAL OR CORTICAL COGNITIVE JUDGEMENTAL FACTOR > > > > IJPP 1997 41(2:179-182)

Visual reaction time reduced significantly in yoga group Sensory motor performance – arousal concentration, inhibit external stimuli P < visual reaction time Visual reaction time reduced significantly in yoga group Depth perception also improved Journal of Indian Psychology 2002; Vol.20, No.1

YOGA FOR MEMORY

QUIET NATURAL SURROUNDINGS OPTMIZE - MENTAL - MEMORY POSITIVE HEALTH School children N -120 Age -11-16 yrs. Yoga residential Yoga non-residential Creativity residential Normal 10 days yoga SPATIAL MEMORY - RIGHT BRAIN VERBAL MEMORY - LEFT BRAIN YOGA RESIDENITAL GROUP SHOWED HIGHST INCREASE IN SPATIAL MEMORY - 43.1% QUIET NATURAL SURROUNDINGS OPTMIZE YOGA EFFECT PSYCHO. REPORTS 1997 81:555-561

EMOTIONAL STABILITY

POSITIVE HEALTH NEGATIVE EMOTIONS - MENTAL - EMOTIONAL (DISTRESS) KAMA INTENSE DESIRE KRODHA ANGER LOBHA MISERLINESS, GREED MOHA INFATUATION MADA ARROGANCE MATSARYA JEALOUSY - ADRENALIN, NORADRENALIN CARTISONE, THYROXIN, GH

YOGA - EMOTION CULTURE POSITIVE EMOTIONS ?? IS SHARPENING OF EMOTIONS COMPASSION LOVE CONTENTMENT JOY BLISS ANANDAMIDE ENDORPHINE ?? IS SHARPENING OF EMOTIONS SIGN OF BETTER HEALTH?? MASTERY REPLACE VIOLENT THOUGHTS EMOTIONS BY SOFT EMOTIONS NO

POSITIVE HEALTH AUTONOMIC STABILITY REDUCED RR HR, GSR - SPIRITUAL - MEDITATION POSITIVE HEALTH AUTONOMIC STABILITY 18 Males 20-50 years Brahma Kumari Meditation 10 yers. Experience B-during -A REDUCED RR HR, GSR FINGER PLETHYSMO Both sympathetic activation and relaxation noted IJ OF PSY. PHY. 1993

POSITIVE HEALTH KAPALABHATI - increases decreases NADI SUDDHI - EMOTIONAL – AUTONOMIC BALANCE POSITIVE HEALTH Heart Rate Variability KAPALABHATI - increases -sympathetic activity decreases -parasympathetic tone NADI SUDDHI - Decreases sympathetic Increases para-sympathetic SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC LF Males 12 Age 21 - 33 yrs Kapalabhati Nadi Sudhi HF IJPP 1998

HIGHER BRAIN FUNCTIONS

HIGHER BRAIN FUNCTIONS MAZE LEARNING Abstract conceptual strategic planning & Right-Left orientation 30 DAYS IAYT YOGA = 31 , CONTROL = 31 AGE = 28 + 8.9 AGE = 28 + 7 MAZE – 16 Blind Alleys, Time taken and No. of Errors noted S Telles, V R Prabhu, S K Reddy IJPP; 2000: 44(2): 197 - 201

MAZE LEARNING – 5 TRIALS, DAY 1 & 30, YOGA & CONTROL GROUPS Yoga group - Significant reduction in time taken No. of trials Also No. of Errors reduced after yoga S Telles, V R Prabhu, S K Reddy IJPP; 2000: 44(2): 197 - 201

SOCIAL HEALTH MORE THE MATERIAL AFFLUENCE LOWER THE SOCIAL & SPIRITUAL HEALTH SOCIAL ILL HEALTH BREAKING UP OF FAMILIES DIVORCES, STUDENT UNREST, GUN CULTURE ADDICTIONS, SINGLE PARENT CHILDREN, CARE OF ELDERLY VIOLENCE, CRIMES TERRORISM, WARS

SEVEN DAYS – DAILY MICROBIAL COUNTS PYRAMIDS STUDY MILK IN SIX CONDITIONS SEVEN DAYS – DAILY MICROBIAL COUNTS COCCI Ravi Kumar, MS (Yogic sciences ) thesis, HUA ; 2003

PYRAMIDS STUDY STAPHYLOCOCCI

BACILLI

Pyramid prevents bacterial growth CORNY BACTERIA Pyramid prevents bacterial growth

AGNIHOTRA