Women’s Roles, Past and Preset Roots of Civilization Mr. Joshi

Women in the Ancient World Why did men dominate women beginning in farmer societies? High Female Fertility  No time for jobs outside the home. Polygamy was common to increase fertility. All jobs held by Men Men became the main income earners given them the right to make decisions in the family Women were thought to need the protection of either brothers, fathers, or husbands.

Women in Roman Times IV. 5. Usucapio of movable things requires one year's possession for its completion; but usucapio of an estate and buildings two years. IV. 6. Any woman who does not wish to be subjected in this manner to the hand of her husband should be absent three nights in succession every year, and so interrupt the usucapio of each year. IV. 5. A child born after ten months since the father's death will not be admitted into a legal inheritance. X. 4 "Women must not tear cheeks or hold chorus of `Alas!' on account of a funeral.“ V. 1 "Our ancestors saw fit that "females, by reason of levity of disposition, shall remain in guardianship, even when they have attained their majority.“ VI. 2 Marriage by `usage' (usus): If a man and woman live together continuously for a year, they are considered to be married; the woman legally is treated as the man's daughter

1950s Conception of Women Good Girls vs. Bad Girls – from 1950s film for high school students (10 min) http://www.theatlantic.com/video/index/275203/are-you-popular/

Gender Roles Today Occupational Segregation Statistics

Power Shift in the U.S.

Differences in Wages EARNINGS BY DEGREE AND SEX Degree Median weekly earnings, women Median weekly earnings, men Doctoral (10 years after h.s.) $1,371 $1,734 Professional (6 years after h.s.) $1,415 $1,836 Master’s (6 years after h.s.) $1,125 $1,515 Bachelor’s (4 years after h.s.) $930 $1,199 Associate’s (2 years after h.s.) $682 $880 High school graduate Only $554 $720 Source: http://www.catalyst.org/knowledge/womens-earnings-and-income

Occupational Segregation (% of women in the field) Dental Hygienist 98 Secretary 97 Registered Nurses 91 Housekeepers 89 Legal Assistants 82 Social Workers 81 Elementary School Teachers 80

Occupational Segregation (% of women in the field) Physical Therapists 72 Managers in the Health Professions 70 Welfare Service Aides 67 Managers in Education 64 Accountants 62 Human Resources Managers 61 Middle/High School Teachers 60 Real Estate Agents 53 Bus Drivers 51

Occupational Segregation (% of women in the field) Editors and Reporters 48 Postal Carriers 39 Lawyers and Judges 36 Physicians 36 Managers (overall) 34 Computer Systems Analysts 29 Dentists 28 Architects 27 Computer Software Developers 24 Chief Executives 23

Occupational Segregation (% of women in the field) Police Officers 17 Aerospace Engineers 12 Electrical Engineers 10 Telecom Line Installers/Repairers 8 Mechanical Engineers 8 Welders and Metal Cutters 6 Airplane Pilots 5 Electricians 2 Automobile Mechanics 1 Source: http://filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/stats-on-human-rights/statistics-on-discrimination/statistics-on-discrimination-of-women/

Occupational Sex Segregation Source: http://www.stanford.edu/group/scspi/cgi-bin/fact6.php

Single Parenthood by Gender 84% of Single Parents in the U.S. were women. 16% of Single Parents in the U.S were men. Source: U.S. Census Bureau - 2009 Single Parenthood and Poverty Thirty-seven percent of families led by single mothers nationwide live in poverty. Comparatively, only 6.8 percent of families with married parents live in poverty. Source: 2009 Heritage Foundation.

Male and Female Incarceration, 2010 Total Male Female United States 500 943 67 Note: Imprisonment rate is the number of prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year per 100,000 U.S. residents. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics Program and unpublished U.S. Census Bureau Jan. 1 population estimates.

Freeing Women from Housework http://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_and_the_magic_washing_machine.html

Gender Roles in the Future

CBS News Clip: The Future of Gender Roles 7 minutes http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-3445_162-57454755/as-gender-roles-change-are-men-out-of-step/

HW Go to TED.com to view a talk by Colin Stokes about what we teach our children about what it means to be a man or a woman (13 min): http://www.ted.com/talks/colin_stokes_how_movies_teach_manhood.html Write a paragraph response to his talk. What did you think about what he was saying? Do you agree/disagree? Did it match your experience growing up? Does it make you think about what you’re telling your younger siblings about gender roles?