Aquaculture expands global food supply Introduction (Steve) :08

Aquaculture background Growing global population requires additional protein sources The world’s oceans, seas and rivers cannot be depended on for food Nearly 75 percent of the world’s fisheries are fully exploited or worse Aquaculture provides a healthy diet for people around the world Farmed fish convert feed more efficiently than farmed animals Feed conversion ratios (FCR) are lower for ocean farmed fish versus farmed animals :05; Total 0:13 UN overfishing is a problem developed and nondeveloped countries. FAO (50 %) are fully exploited (20%) are overexploited (10 %) are depleted or are recovering from depletion. 75 percent of the world’s fisheries are fully exploited or worse. Aquaculture solves this environmental and economic challenge. Farmed fish convert feed more efficiently than farmed animals better positioning aquaculture to support protein demand for a growing population. (FCR) are lower for ocean farmed fish versus farmed animals. FCR define FCR FCR for beef is 10:1 FCR for pork is 5:1 FCR for chicken is 2:1 FCR for farmed salmon (1.5):1 FCR for Wild Salmon (10:1) Recyclable copper-alloy nets provide a responsible solution and promote a sustainable environment as well as sustainable business.

What is aquaculture? The farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish and plants; can be land or open ocean based  Projected growth in fish consumption of approximately 40 million tonnes per year by 2030 10 20 FAO predicts demand will surpass 180 mtpy Aquaculture must supply this added 40 mtpy Kg per capita :05, Total 0:18 Definition of aquaculture the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish and plants and can be on land or in the water. The $43 billion marine aquaculture industry produces 21 million tonnes of seafood products annually. (with and without plants) Where Marine refers to “saltwater” aquaculture. Aquaculture supplies half of the world’s demand for seafood. It is the only way to meet the projected growth in fish consumption of approximately 40 million tonnes per year by 2030. Has grown by at least 10 % per year since 1980. The use of copper alloys in aquaculture helps promote a clean energy economy. from decreased CO2 emissions to increased fish mortality, copper alloys promote “green” living and help fish farmers realize greater cost savings. Source: UN FAO; FAO FishStat. ICA estimates and analysis* Marine & brackish water aquaculture, excluding aquatic plants

Copper use in aquaculture Copper alloy nets have a minimal corrosion rate Copper alloy nets are not coated or covered with antifouling paint Minimal leaching Natural oxidization creates protective patina Lifespan > 5 years, depending on conditions Alloys: copper-zinc, copper-nickel, copper-silicon Net-pen configurations: rigid pens, flexible pens and outer barrier nets Type of mesh: expanded metal, welded mesh, chain link mesh and others :05, Time 0:23 Copper-alloy nets have a minimal corrosion rate, less than 2 % per year, at critical point near top of surface making their lifespan longer than other net materials. Copper mesh is not coated in an antifouling paint that wears or corrodes over time. Minimal leaching nearby water concentrations of metal released are quickly reduced to safe levels Their natural ability to stay clean prevents them from clogging with organic matter, improving water circulation leading to healthier fish, higher yields, lower costs reduced environmental impact as a result of increased water flow. Bare metal placed in sea water oxidizes to form a complex and protective surface patina that inhibits further corrosion. Copper-alloy mesh lasts for 5 years or more, depending on conditions. It will not leach… STILL WORRIED ABOUT THIS – BOB AND I A RUNNING LEACHING TESTS IN CHILE like an antimicrobial substance in the surface layer of paint. Typical Alloys used are Copper Zinc Copper Nickel (90/10) Silicon Bronze Three types of mesh applications Rigid pens Flexible pens Predator nets Three types of mesh use with copper alloy Expanded metal Welded mesh Chain link This resistance to corrosion is the primary reason copper alloys are attractive for long-term uses in aquaculture. Source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AC181E/AC181E01.htm; Carol Powell, Rodrigo Sanchez

Challenges facing fish farmers Predators: mesh strength prevents loss to predators Biofouling: natural ability to stay clean prevents mesh from clogging with organic matter Disease: natural properties that prevent fouling with organic matter creates healthier conditions for raising, so antibiotics and chemical treatments are not needed :05, Time 0:28 Three main problems Predation Biofouling Disease Profitability increased due to reduced losses from predators, escapes and thefts, and mortality induced by stresses from net changes. Predator nets are unnecessary. Costs of predation Porto Montt, Chile, experienced about a $80K/year or 5% of its fish. Hawaii, $250,000 in one day due to sharks Copper alloy nets require minimal maintenance. Natural ability to stay clean improves water flows prevent organic matter from growing on the nets. Anti-fouling properties of copper can eliminate disease vectors and dramatically improve fish health and farm yields. Chemical treatments and divers are not needed for net cleaning. Waters remain cleaner and farmers realize a 10% increase in profits due to reductions in labor costs.

Benefits of copper in aquaculture Promotion of clean energy economy Corrosion resistance Natural ability to remain clean and free of organic matter Greater cost savings Healthier fish Predator resistance 100 percent recyclable Reduced CO2 :08, Time 0:36 These are the messages that no one but copper can use The reuse of copper materials saves about 95 percent of the embodied energy that would otherwise be wasted. (Embodied energy is defined as the energy required for procuring raw materials, manufacture, transport, construction, maintenance and repair.) Corrosion resistance—oxidation creates protective patina. Natural ability to remain clean and free of organic matter—net cleaners are not needed, so organic matter will not be suddenly released into environment Helps farmers realize greater cost savings—nets do not need to be cleaned frequently, fish are less stressed, etc. Discuss Cost Benefit Study of Copper versus Nylon nets being conducted at PUC Valparaiso Larger cage volumes prevent fish overcrowding and maintain high oxidation levels, improving yields and inhibiting parasites and pathogens. Reduces need for added antibiotics and anti-fouling chemicals Feeding costs reduced by 15 percent or more Strength helps resist predator such as seals, sea lions and sharks, reduces escapes of farmed fish. Copper alloys contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions compared to conventional technology. Recycled material used in initial production of copper-alloy mesh, further reducing CO2 emissions compared with traditional polymer nets. The extended lifespan of copper mesh translates into fewer greenhouse gases because transportation involved with constructing, installing and removing nets is required less frequently.

Successful copper applications Australia Chile Japan New projects China Korea Scotland Turkey Greece United States South Africa Mozambique Seychelles :03, Time 0:39 Copper-alloy mesh successfully used in Japan, Australia and Chile, and global use continues to expand. Development activities and trials of improved copper-alloy materials, mesh forms and aquaculture system configurations are underway in Panama, China, Turkey, South Africa, Korea, , Scotland and the U.S. Examples of success: Van Diemen Aquaculture in Tasmania, Australia EcoSea in Chile Copper Sea, China

Types of fish farmed in copper pens Fin fish Yellow Tail (Seriola) Salmon (Salmonids) Sea Bass (Pagrus) Bream (Dicentrarchus) Cobia (Rachycentron) Others Crustaceans Mollusks :02, Time 0:41 Copper-alloy based systems are targeted for marine aquaculture, specifically marine fin fish production.

Annual Market Opportunity at 100% Uptake Future outlook Trends Offshore net pens Compatibility with current installations Innovative techniques expand harvest numbers Sustainability Growth projections Fish consumption expected to reach 40 million tonnes per year by 2030 :05, Time 0:55 In the future, the strength and durability of copper-alloy meshes may allow nets to be installed further offshore, reducing fish waste in in-shore environments. Moving offshore also allows water to flow more freely through the nets, leading to healthier fish. Population growth coupled with the modernization and increasing affluence of third-world countries means increased demand for protein sources. Innovative aquaculture techniques, such as the use of copper-alloy nets, can improve global harvest numbers. Aquaculture is the only means to meet the projected growth in fish consumption of approximately 40 million tonnes per year by 2030 Worldwide value is $100 B for all aquaculture, including aquatic plants, fin fish, crustaceans, etc. 43 Billion marine aquaculture industry producing 21 million tons of seafood products annually. Source: UN FAO; FAO FishStat. ICA estimates and analysis* Marine & brackish water aquaculture , excluding aquatic plants, Source: UN FAO; FAO FishStat. Sources: John Forster, ICA; EcoSea; UNFAO Statistics Annual Market Opportunity at 100% Uptake Copper 50,000 tpy Copper alloy 77,000 tpy

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