Chapter 5: War and Peace Key Concept: Conquest and Consequences How did military events and their consequences contribute to the foundations of Canada?

Chapter 5 Vocabulary Superpower Fact Opinion Bias Francophone Acadian Le Grand Dérangement Treaty Eviction Accommodation Assimilation Bilingualism Fortress

Superpower - refers to a country that is more powerful than almost all other countries. Fact – Information that is accepted as correct and true Opinion – When people give their point of view or judge something Bias – A personal like or dislike of something or someone that is not necessarily based on fact Francophone - A person for whom French is the first language learned and still in use; a person of French language and culture

Acadian - A Francophone citizen of Acadia Le Grand Dérangement – in 1755, British troops deported French Acadians from their homes. Treaty - A formal agreement between nations Eviction – the British had to decide if they should evict the Canadiens from their homes and deport them from British North America. OR

Accommodation - Should they leave the Canadiens alone to live as they always had, with their own religion, language, and customs? Assimilation - A process by which culture or individual is absorbed into a more dominant culture because of its overwhelming influence Bilingualism - A policy of recognizing two official languages Fortress – a permanent military stronghold that often includes a town.

Recall the reasons for British and French Expansion of their Empires: Economy Competition Religion Curiosity/Quality of Life

Both Britain and France were in direct competition for controlling North America and controlling the vast amounts of resources found in the land.

Background to War French Perspective Vast area of Canada was claimed by French. Began to see themselves as a different culture of People (Canadiens) Felt secure from attack because of dependence on France to provide soldiers to the colony.

British Perspective Thirteen Colonies population was vastly larger than that of New France Wanted land for farming, fur trade with First Nations, Access to interior of Canada, fish resources.

British Strengths French Strengths British Weakness French Weakness

British Strengths French Strengths British Weakness French Weakness • the most powerful navy in Europe • prosperous colonies in New England, which could provide military supplies • Haudenosaunee allies (later in the war) • the most powerful army in Europe • strong fortresses at Louisbourg and Québec • many First Nations allies, including the Mi’kmaq, Maliseet , Canadian Mohawks, Innu , Algonquin , Wendat, Ojibwa , Odawa, and Abenaki British Weakness French Weakness • an army that was not used to waging forest warfare • major challenges: that is, the need to capture the well-defended French fortresses • constant bickering among the Thirteen Colonies • dependence on France for supplies • a vast territory that was hard to defend • a single entry route to the colony: the St. Lawrence River (In time of war, an enemy could block it.) • military and government officials who could not agree on a defence policy

War in the West First war between French and English started in the Ohio River Valley in 1754. British lead by General George Washington lost the war to the French. He would later become the first president of the United States. For the moment, New France was secure, but the British were determined to drive the French out of North America.

CASE STUDY pg. 103 Fortress Quebec

THINIK IT THROUGH pg. 105 Record the key factors leading to war from the French and English perspectives. French Perspective English Perspective

THINIK IT THROUGH pg. 105 Record the key factors leading to war from the French and English perspectives. French Perspective English Perspective Large area of land under French control Thirteen colonies cannot expand because the French control the Ohio valley. Acadia populated with Francophones Acadia under British control New France felt secure as it was protected by Louisbourg and Quebec and soldiers from France Wanted control of fisheries and St.Lawrence River First Nations Allies Haudenosaunee Allies Had Europe’s most powerful army Had Europe’s most powerful navy

Prelude to War: Acadia By 1710, most of Acadia was under control of the British, and they changed the name of the colony to Nova Scotia. Most of Acadia was populated still by the French people, but to control North America, Britain wanted more English people in the country, and more control.

Prelude to War: Acadia Charles Lawrence, the governor of Nova Scotia wondered if the Acadians would side with the French if they were attacked. 1755, Lawrence gives an ultimatum (a threat of serious penalties) to the Acadians, either swear loyalty to the British or lose their land. The Acadians wanted to remain neutral – they promised not to take up arms, BUT they refused to take oath. Eventually British decide to deport the Acadians in the “Great Upheaval” of 1755. (Le Grand Derangement)

CASE STUDY page 107-109 “Le Grand Derangement” “Think it Through” Questions #1 & #2

Dear Governer Lawrence, My name is Edouard Arsenault, I am a young Acadian man. I am writing to you to explain my reasoning for wanting to stay neutral and not swear the oath of loyalty. Sincerely, Edouard Arsenault Dear Edouard Arsenault, I am Governnor Lawrence, thank you for your letter expressing your decision to stay neutral. I would like to explain my reasons for forcing you out of the colony. Governor Lawrence

The Struggle for Canada 1756- “Seven Year’s War” begins in Europe between France and Britain  war also breaks in North America France: use small number of soldiers in North America, keeping larger forces to win in Europe

The Struggle for Canada Britain: use large number of soldiers in North America to defeat the French Britain’s strategy relied on them controlling the St. Lawrence River which is the main supply route between Louisbourg and Quebec & Montreal

Three Pronged Attack: Britain would strike in three major areas against France 1) Capture of Louisbourg Capturing Louisbourg would give Britain control of the entrance to the St. Lawrence River which made it impossible for the French to send reinforcements to Quebec. June 1758, Britain launches attack on Louisbourg capturing the fortress in 60 days.

Three Pronged Attack: Britain would strike in three major areas against France 2) Capture of Ohio Valley French had many fur forts in Ohio Valley  British capture would reduce the French influence in this area Attacks against the French in the Ohio Valley drive them back to Quebec *At this point Louisbourg is captured, giving control of the St. Lawrence, and the French have drawn their forces back into the heart of New France- Quebec.

Three Pronged Attack: Britain would strike in three major areas against France 3) Capture of Quebec Capture of Quebec would mean the end of French control in North America British under command of General James Wolfe; brings ¼ of British navy Unsuccessful at capturing Quebec after three months of attacks

Winter is approaching; he must take Quebec now or retreat to Europe for the winter (ships will be stuck in St. Lawrence) Decides on a surprise attack southwest of Quebec in a farmer’s field – Plains of Abraham French Military leader Montcalm receives word of this surprise attack Most of his army is in Quebec, but a portion of his army is 16 km away in a place where Britain was expected to attack, Montcalm decided he couldn’t wait for his reinforcements and sent his troops to battle – a fateful decision New France surrendered September 8, 1760

THINK IT THROUGH page 113 #1.a) Make a list of the key events that took place, with their locations and dats. b) put them in order and create a timeline.

TIMELINE Deportation of the Acadians Invasion of the Ohio Valley Battle of Louisbourg Battle on the Plains of Abraham

First Nations and War The First Nations were deeply involved in the wars between the French and the English Most First Nations supported the French, while the Haudenosaunee sided with the English The First Nations did not stop fighting after the French surrendered, the First Nations and the English had to negotiate neutrality before the English could claim total victory

First Nations and War The Treaty of Paris (1763) gave the English possession of North America. Any land claims that the First Nations had were not accepted by the British. Any First Nations traditions that were practiced with the French were also ignored by the British (gift giving, fur trade) First Nations were losing their lands as more British newcomers moved into the Ohio River Valley This worried the First Nations groups, who wanted to keep their land and traditions.

Pontiac’s War Against the British Pontiac is the leader of the Odawa He gathered many First Nations groups together to drive the English out of Canada. 1763 attacked the fort of Detroit. They were able to take many forts, but they also hoped the French would help them keep the British out. They were not supported by the French however and lost to the British.

THINK IT THROUGH PAGE 115 #1) The First Nations felt betrayed after the Seven Years War. Were they betrayed? How did the English and the French view the situation? Explain your reasoning. #2) As Britain expanded its control in North America, the First Nations were concerned that their interests would not be respected. Why did First Nations have good reason to be concerned about their future?

#1) Answers will vary. #2) The First Nations were concerned about British control of North America for a number of reasons: - the British did not interact with the First Nati0ns as the French did - the British did not acknowledge the trading practices of the First Nations - most British did not attempt to learn about First Nations traditional ways - British colonists began to occupy First Nations lands in greater numbers than the French colonists had

After the War Challenges following the war: First Nations: Canadiens: Feared newcomers would take their land Canadiens: Had to rebuild their colony Didn’t know if their language and religion were allowed to be practiced British Didn’t know how to change the government from French to British First Nations might attack?

The Treaty of Paris 1763 1760 Montreal surrendered, which was the last French establishment in Canada In 1763, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Paris, ending the conflict. Under the treaty, France gave up any claim to Quebec and North America France receives Guadeloupe Together we will read and copy the chart on page 117

What could the British do with New France? Eviction - Do they take the Canadiens to other lands? Assimilation – Do they make the Canadiens give up their language and religion? Accommodation – Do they let the Canadiens live on as they were used to?

The Royal Proclamation 1763 The British wanted to assimilate the Canadiens, and this was signed by King George III in October 1763 Terms of the Royal Proclamation New France became the province of Quebec Interior land set aside for First Nations British Laws and governments replaced the French system Catholics lost claim to the tithe (the church tax) Catholics could not be part of the government

Quebec act of 1774 Assimilation of Quebec failed with the Royal Proclamation Rights of the Quebec Act: French language recognized Catholics given right to practice, and now allowed to be part of government Roman Catholic Church got rights back for the tithe Part of interior became part of Quebec, and Quebec was returned to size prior to Royal Proclamation

CANADA: A PEOPLES HISTORY CHAPTER 4 – BATTLE FOR A CONTINENT https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iil12p324IA

VIDEO – Battle of the Plains of Abraham https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4eVwzZ9 a_A&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persi st_safety_mode=1

VIDEO – Siege of Quebec https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vgU7K_qG B24&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode =1

The Battle of Quebec 1759 Info & pics about Wolfe, the Siege of Quebec, the battle on the Plains of Abraham,and the soldiers.  http://www.britishbattles.com/battle-of- quebec.htm