Day 68: Renewing the Sectional Struggle Baltimore Polytechnic Institute December 9, 2016 A/A.P. U.S. History Mr. Green

Renewing the Sectional Struggle Objectives: The students will be able to analyze the factors that led to the American Civil War by evaluating the actions of individuals, tribunals, and governments during the 1850s AP Focus The Kansas-Nebraska Act, orchestrated by Senator Stephen A. Douglas for political as well as personal reasons, further polarizes the nation. Northerners conclude that, with popular sovereignty, there will be no limitations placed on the expansion of slavery.

Cont’d In their attempt to take the White House, the Republicans are defeated when John Frémont loses to Democrat James Buchanan. Nativists, concerned by German and Irish immigration, organize the American, or Know-Nothing, Party, which probably takes votes from the Republicans. In March 1857, the Supreme Court rules that Dred Scott is not a citizen because of his race. The decision goes even further, stating that Congress has no authority to exclude slavery from any part of the nation or its territories. The Missouri Compromise is therefore ruled unconstitutional. The financial crash of 1857 primarily affects the North and West. The South is essentially unaffected because of high cotton prices. Southerners cite this as an example of the superiority of their economic system over the North’s, which exploits the “wage-slaves.”

Chapter Focus Chapter Themes A series of major North-South crises in the late 1850s culminated in the election of the antislavery Republican Lincoln to the presidency in 1860. His election caused seven southern states to secede from the union and form the Confederate States of America.

Announcements Election Charts 1836, 1840,1844, 1848 are due this week Distribute Election Chart 1852, 1856, 1860, and 1864

Warm-up Read the 1 page summary of the Dred Scott case. What arguments did Chief Justice Roger Taney make in denying citizenship to Dred Scott?

Kansas and Nebraska, 1854

Douglas’s Kansas-Nebraska Scheme Stephen Douglass envisioned a line of settlements across the continent He also owned Chicago real estate and railroad stock. Proposed the Nebraska Territory be sliced into 2-Kansas and Nebraska Utilized popular sovereignty to decide slavery Flew in face of Missouri Compromise What laws did the Kansas-Nebraska Act repeal?

Stowe and Helper: Literary Incendiaries Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)-Harriet Beecher Stowe never witnessed slavery firsthand North would not enforce the Fugitive Slave Law popular abroad The Impending Crisis of the South (1857)- Hinton R. Helper prove that non-slaveholding whites were the ones who suffered most from slavery

The North-South contest for Kansas Small part of pioneers to Kansas were financed by northern abolitionists New England Emigrant Aid Company-sent 2,000 people to the area to forestall the South Kansas was the unspoken slave state from the Kansas-Nebraska Act, while Nebraska was to be free 1855 State elections in Kansas turned into a fiasco-border ruffians from MO voted early and often in Kansas 2 governments set up in Kansas-Shawnee Mission and Topeka

Kansas in Convulsion May 1856 John Brown and followers hacked 5 surprised men to death-caused a vicious retaliation from pro-slavery forces 1857 Kansas had enough population to apply for statehood on a popular-sovereignty basis Lecompton Constitution-vote for the constitution either “with slavery” or “with no slavery” a vote against slavery still offered protections to owners of slaves ALREADY in Kansas Late 1857 Kansas becomes a slave state

“Bully” Brooks and His Bludgeon Charles Sumner of MA-leading abolitionist gave a speech that attacked the South Preston S. Brooks of SC took the attacks on SC personally and attacked Sumner on May 22, 1856 Brooks resigned and was re-elected Revealed the inflamed passions between the North and the South

Election of 1856 Democrat James Buchanan Well to do PA lawyer Anti-foreignism Slavery 174 Electoral Votes 1,832,955 Republican John C. Fremont Pathfinder of the West 114 Electoral Votes 1,339,932 American Party/Know- Nothing Party Millard Fillmore 8 electoral votes Americans Must Rule America Immigrants from Ireland/Germany 871,731

The Dred Scott Bombshell Dred Scott v. Stanford (1857) March 6, 1857 Scott lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory Backed by abolitionists Taney ruled that he was a slave and not a citizen and could not sue in federal court Taney took it one step further Since a slave was private property, he or she could be taken into any territory and legally held there in slavery used the 5th amendment to protect people of their property without due process of law Nullified the Compromise of 1820: Congress has no power to ban slavery from the territories, regardless of what the territories decide

Financial Crash of 1857 Causes: inpouring California gold-inflated currency Crimean War in Russia-commodities Speculation in land/railroads Tariff of 1857??? Not so fast my friend reduced duties to 20%/placed on books just before the crash Effects: 5,000 business failed in the year “Bread or Dead” Northern grain growers hurt King Cotton no impacted Next Steps: free land or homesteads take away workers More free-soilers Buchanan vetoed it in 1860