1. What congruence postulate shows that ABE CDE ? = ANSWER SAS 2. If E G, find m E. = ANSWER 118º

Use properties of parallelograms. Target Use properties of parallelograms. You will… Use properties to identify parallelograms.

Vocabulary Proving Quadrilaterals are Parallelograms A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if … both pairs of opposite sides are parallel – Definition both pairs of opposite sides are congruent – Theorem 8.7 both pairs of opposite angles are congruent – Theorem 8.8 one pair of opposite sides is congruent and parallel – Theorem 8.9 its diagonals bisect each other – Theorem 8.10.

EXAMPLE 1 Solve a real-world problem Ride An amusement park ride has a moving platform attached to four swinging arms. The platform swings back and forth, higher and higher, until it goes over the top and around in a circular motion. In the diagram below, AD and BC represent two of the swinging arms, and DC is parallel to the ground (line l). Explain why the moving platform AB is always parallel to the ground.

EXAMPLE 1 Solve a real-world problem SOLUTION The shape of quadrilateral ABCD changes as the moving platform swings around, but its side lengths do not change. Both pairs of opposite sides are congruent, so ABCD is a parallelogram by Theorem 8.7. By the definition of a parallelogram, AB DC . Because DC is parallel to line l, AB is also parallel to line l by the Transitive Property of Parallel Lines. So, the moving platform is parallel to the ground.

GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 1 In quadrilateral WXYZ, m W = 42°, m X =138°, m Y = 42°. Find m Z. Is WXYZ a parallelogram? Explain your reasoning. 1. 138°; yes; the sum of the measures of the interior angles in a quadrilateral is 360°, so the measure of is 138°. Since opposite angles of the quadrilateral are congruent, WXYZ is a parallelogram. Z ANSWER

EXAMPLE 2 Identify a parallelogram ARCHITECTURE The doorway shown is part of a building in England. Over time, the building has leaned sideways. Explain how you know that SV = TU. SOLUTION In the photograph, ST UV and ST UV. By Theorem 8.9, quadrilateral STUV is a parallelogram. By Theorem 8.3, you know that opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent. So, SV = TU.

Use algebra with parallelograms EXAMPLE 3 Use algebra with parallelograms ALGEBRA For what value of x is quadrilateral CDEF a parallelogram? SOLUTION By Theorem 8.10, if the diagonals of CDEF bisect each other, then it is a parallelogram. You are given that CN EN . Find x so that FN DN . When x = 4, FN = DN Set the segment lengths equal. FN = 5(4) –8 5x – 8 = 3x Substitute 5x –8 for FN and 3x for DN. = 12 2x – 8 = Subtract 3x from each side. DN = 3(4) 2x = 8 Add 8 to each side. = 12 x = 4 Divide each side by 2.

GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 2 and 3 What theorem can you use to show that the quadrilateral is a parallelogram? 2. Theorem 8.9 ANSWER If one pair of opposite sides is parallel and congruent, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 2 and 3 What theorem can you use to show that the quadrilateral is a parallelogram? 3. Theorem 8.7 ANSWER If both pair of opposite sides are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 2 and 3 What theorem can you use to show that the quadrilateral is a parallelogram? 4. Theorem 8.8 ANSWER If both pair of opposite angles are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 2 and 3 For what value of x is quadrilateral MNPQ a parallelogram? Explain your reasoning. 5. ANSWER 2; The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other so solve 2x = 10 – 3x for x.

EXAMPLE 4 Use coordinate geometry Show that quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram. SOLUTION One way is to show that a pair of sides are congruent and parallel. Then apply Theorem 8.9. First use the Distance Formula to show that AB and CD are congruent. AB = = [2 – (–3)]2 + (5 – 3)2 29 So, AB CD. CD = (5 – 0)2 + (2 – 0)2 = 29

EXAMPLE 4 Use coordinate geometry Then use the slope formula to show that AB CD. 5 – (3) 2 – (–3) = 2 5 Slope of AB = 2 – 0 5 – 0 = 2 5 Slope of CD = Because AB and CD have the same slope, they are parallel. AB and CD are congruent and parallel. So, ABCD is a parallelogram by Theorem 8.9. ANSWER

EXAMPLE 4 GUIDED PRACTICE for Example 4 6. Explain how other methods can be used to show that quadrilateral ABCD in Example 4 is a parallelogram. ANSWER Find the slopes of all four sides and show that opposite sides are parallel. A second way is to find the lengths of each side and show that opposite sides are congruent. A third way is to find the point of intersection of the diagonals and show the diagonals bisect each other.