French Revolution

three estates- order of society 1st Estate 1% Roman Catholic Clergy I. Old Order A. French Society three estates- order of society 1st Estate 1% Roman Catholic Clergy higher and lower 2nd Estate 2% nobility owned 25% of the land

high post in government military 3rd Estate largest peasants and artisans bourgeoisie- middle class doctors, lawyers, merchants, business mangers B. Unrest 3rd Estate called for social change Fall of the Bastille started the revolution wave of violence called the Great Fear

II. Constitutional Government A II. Constitutional Government A. Declaration of Rights the estates were abolished Declaration of Rights were that all people were equal before the law king refused the new reforms the people march on Versailles B. New France Constitution of 1791 unicameral legislature- one house assembly

III. New Era A. Republic National Convention met from 1792 to 1795 all male mostly lawyers, doctors and other middle class professionals king was killed in January 1793 B. French Expansion French wanted to expand France wanted to overthrow royal

Conscription- the draft, calling up all men between the ages of 18 and 45 They were trying to expand their France, but there was fighting between peasants and revolutions IV. Reign of Terror July 1793 and 1794 85% of 17,000 people were executed Robespierre and Jacobins lost power end Reign of Terror V. Napoleon's Bold Move 1799- Napoleon joined leaders in coup d'état

quick seizure of power B quick seizure of power B. Napoleon’s Empire restoring order to France change the financial system with Bank of France and every citizen pay taxes 1802- Napoleon name himself Consul for Life approved by popular vote or plebiscite C. Napoleonic Code French law became clear state was put above the individual

He tried to invade Russia 600,000 troops to march to Moscow; May 1812 Russia adopted “the scorched earth policy” 5 out of 6 soldiers died in battles or blizzards Russia defeat and ruined Napoleon’s power March 1814- forced Napoleon out and restored French throne Louis XVII a member of Bourbon family Napoleon was exiled to Elba

D. Building Empire Napoleon interested in building an Empire he defeated Italy and Austria 1804- Emperor of France 1812- Napoleon controlled most of Europe; boundaries expanded to Russia Nationalism- self-rule and restoration of their customs Downfall of the Empire Russia joined movement against Napoleon

Napoleon returned March 1, 1815 easily won popular support Hundred Days Napoleon was Emperor to avoid war France wanted no more territory European government feared Napoleon to regain his strength European defeated the French and Napoleon was exiled to island called saint Helena, he died in 1821 V. Peace in Europe A. Congress of Vienna Metternich was host to the Congress

3 principles 1. compension- repaid debts for war against France 2 3 principles 1. compension- repaid debts for war against France 2. legitimacy- restore monarchy power 3. balance of power- no country dominate Europe restoring monarchies of divine right royal dynasties in France, Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sardinia and Sicily B. Forces Changing reactionaries- people who opposed change

liberalism- a political philosophy influencing European people in the 1800’s C. Alliances Quadruple Alliance Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, France was added later D. Concert of Europe alliances were encouraged European nations to work together to preserve the peace this help to avoid major conflicts

Metternich used this for 30 years political goals; oppose liberalism and nationalism and to defend absolute monarchies in Europe