Quiz Time! Please put everything away and get ready for your chapter 4 quiz

Chapter 5 The Molecules of Life

5.1 Organic vs. Inorganic Organic molecules– contain both Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) Example: glucose - C6H12O6 Make up living things

5.1 Organic vs. Inorganic Inorganic Molecules– do not contain Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) Examples: water – H2O carbon dioxide – CO2 Important in life processes

5.1 Symbolic Representation Carbon always forms 4 covalent bonds! (4 lines) Each line = 2 electrons being shared HONC 1 2 3 4

Carbon to Carbon Bonding Single bonds Molecular formula: C2H6 Structural formula

Carbon to Carbon Bonding Double bonds Molecular formula? C2H4

Carbon to Carbon Bonding Triple bonds

Carbon to Carbon Bonding ?

5.1 Carbon bonds

5.1 Carbon Bonding Chains

5.1 Carbon bonding structures Rings

5.1 Word meanings… Mono – one Di – two Poly – many mer – unit (parts)

Monomer - Dimer - Polymer - one unit structure two unit structure many unit structure

Why should we care about carbon?!? Movies on “It’s All About Carbon” Go to Videos Video: 1 2 3 4 5

5.2 Carbohydrates… Sugars – monomers and dimers Starches – polymers Usually end in –ose Usually “sweets” Starches – polymers “complex”

5.2 Biological importance Carbohydrates are the main fuel supply for cellular work Provide & store ENERGY

5.2 Composed of the following Elements… C, H, O They are in rings

5.2 Carbohydrates Monosaccharides (simple sugars ) = Monomers Building blocks of all carbohydrates C6H12O6

*Glucose (a monosaccharide)

Fructose (a monosaccharide)

Galactose (a monosaccharide)

Disaccharides… Two monosaccharides (dimer) Examples Maltose (glucose + glucose) Sucrose (glucose + fructose) table sugar Lactose (glucose + galactose)

Two monosaccharides make a disaccharide…..

Polysaccharides… Starch – sugar (energy) storage in PLANT cells Foods rich in starch: potatoes, rice, corn

Polysaccharides… Glycogen – sugar (energy) storage in ANIMAL cells Humans store Gylcogen in Liver

Polysaccharides… Cellulose – makes up cell walls of PLANT cells - protects and stiffens the plant (structure) Common name: fiber Most animals, including people, cannot digest

Polysaccharides… Chitin – found in ANIMAL exoskeletons & cell wall of fungi (structure) Crab, lobster, shrimp, insects

How do monosaccarides join to form disaccarides and polysaccarides?

Dehydration Synthesis! Removal of water To Build or make more complex Process

Glucose Glucose Maltose

How do disaccarides and polysaccarides break apart to form monosaccarides?

Hydrolysis! Adding water To Cut or break down Process Digestion is hydrolysis

Maltose Glucose Glucose

Fill in “Carbohydrates” Column on pg 15 of Notes…

Organic Molecules: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids

Biological Importance of Fats Energy STORAGE Cushion organs Insulation Cell Membrane structure

Biological Importance of Steriods Chemical Messengers: Sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone) Cholesterol – found in membranes that surround your cells

Lipids are Composed of which Elements? C, H, O

Building blocks of Lipids: 1st: Glycerol Lipid Backbone Complete the molecule… Where fatty acids will attach

Building blocks of Lipids: 2nd: Fatty Acids

Saturated (All C-C single bonds) Carboxyl Group Long Chain of C & H Saturated (All C-C single bonds) solid at room temp

Unsaturated (not all C-C single) Carboxyl Group Long Chain of C & H Unsaturated (not all C-C single) liquid at room temp

Building blocks of Lipids: Fatty Acids Review: Long chains of C and H Contain a carboxyl group Can be saturated or unsaturated

Fatty Acids n = a number usually in the teens

Lipid Synthesis Lipid Building process 1 glycerol 3 fatty acids (usually)

Dehydration Synthesis! Glycerol 3 Fatty Acids Lipid 3 waters

Organic Molecules: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Protein

5.4 Proteins Structural – make up cells & tissues (muscles) Pigments – give cells color Eyes, plants, blood, hair Hormones – chemical messengers adrenaline, insulin

5.4 Proteins Contraction – in muscles and cilia/flagella Antibodies – fight disease Enzymes – control chemical reactions Cell surfaces – cell to cell communication

Protiens are Composed of which Elements? C, H, O and N protein

C. Amino Acids Building Blocks of Protein (aa are monomers) There are about 20 amino acids

Before the Bell Rings… Cut out the 8 rectangles on your handout and put them in the envelope!

Fill in “Lipids” Column on pg 15 of Notes…

C. Amino Acids Side group Amino group Carboxyl group Central C

Turn to page 8 to look at examples of amino acid structures…

General Structure of AA

Glycine

Alanine

Serine

Phenylalanine

Valine

Turn to page 7…

C. Amino Acids Two amino acids bonded together make up a…. dipeptide

polypeptide C. Amino Acids Many amino acids bonded together make up a…. polypeptide

C. Amino Acids 1 or more polypeptide chains twisted together make up a… Protein

What is this process called? Peptide Bond Amino Acid Amino Acid Dipeptide Water What is this process called? Dehydration Synthesis!

What is this process called? Peptide Bond Dipeptide Water Amino Acid Amino Acid What is this process called? Hydrolysis!

Fill in “Lipids & Proteins” Columns on pg 15 of Notes…

Complete Worksheets on pgs 9-11 of Notes…

Before the Bell Rings… Cut out the 8 rectangles on your handout and put them in the envelope!

Turn to page 12 in Notepacket…

Enzymes Proteins that speed up specific reactions in cells

Minimum amount of energy required to trigger a chemical reaction Activation Energy Minimum amount of energy required to trigger a chemical reaction

Catalysts Compounds that speed up chemical reactions Enzymes are examples of catalysts

A B Substrate molecules Active Site Enzyme molecule

A B Active Site Enzyme molecule

B A Active Site Enzyme molecule

A B Enzyme Substrate Complex Active Site Enzyme molecule

Product molecule C Active Site Enzyme molecule

The enzyme is not changed by the reaction.

Turn to page 13 in Notepacket…

Enzymes are specific: The Lock and Key Hypothesis Just like a key fits into one lock, Enzymes work on only one substrate

Naming Enzymes Enzymes are named by taking the name of the product or substrate and adding “ase”.

Examples Maltase Lipase Protease Maltose Lipids Protein

Enzyme - Substrate Complex Name all of the parts of this reaction. Enzyme Enzyme Substrate Product

Enzyme Substrate Active Site Active Site

Enzyme – Substrate Complex Enzyme + Substrate

Enzyme - Substrate Complex The reaction begins

Enzyme –Substrate Complex Product Enzyme

The substrate is broken Hydrolysis Reaction What kind of reaction is this? The substrate is broken into small molecules.

Small substrate molecules Synthesis Reaction What kind of reaction is this? Small substrate molecules build a large product.

Turn to page 14 in Notepacket… Analyze the graphs and fill in the information…

Enzyme reactions are affected by: The pH of the reaction.

Optimum pH: the pH that the enzyme works the BEST at

The temperature of the reaction Enzyme reactions are affected by: The temperature of the reaction

37°C (98.6 °F)

An unfavorable change that causes a protein to unravel and lose shape Denaturation An unfavorable change that causes a protein to unravel and lose shape Ex: Heating

Enzyme Denaturation Animation https://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/login/login.jsp#

What are the 4 factors that affect enzyme rates? Good Afternoon! What are the 4 factors that affect enzyme rates? Discuss with the people at your table …

The concentration of the enzyme Enzyme reactions are affected by: The concentration of the enzyme

As the enzyme concentration increases, the rate of the enzyme action increases & then levels off.

The concentration of the substrate. Enzyme reactions are affected by: The concentration of the substrate.

As the substrate concentration increases, the rate of the enzyme action increases & then levels off.

The End!

Chemistry of Life Movie Link Start at 8:47 End at 15:22