Examples of Experimental Design

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Presentation transcript:

Examples of Experimental Design The ERP Boot Camp Examples of Experimental Design

Sustained Visual-Spatial Attention Stimuli Left standards (p = .4) Left deviants (p = .1) Right standards (p = .4) Right deviants (p = .1) Duration = 100 ms; SOA = 300-500 ms Conditions Attend left (press for left deviants) Attend right (press for right deviants) Also… Maintain fixation (verify with EOG) © S. J. Luck. All Rights Reserved. May be used for nonprofit educational purposes if this copyright notice is included. Permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) for any other use.

Sustained Visual-Spatial Attention Comparison of Attended and Ignored Standards O1/O2 Things to notice: Same stimuli; different psychological conditions Time 0 is stimulus onset Assumption: Early in time means early in information processing sequence Conclusion: Attention influences sensory processing “Upper bound” on onset time Hard to test this with behavioral experiments © S. J. Luck. All Rights Reserved. May be used for nonprofit educational purposes if this copyright notice is included. Permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) for any other use. Time relative to stimulus onset Does the conclusion depend on whether it is the P1 wave per se that is influenced by attention?

Sustained Visual-Spatial Attention Things to notice: Standard/Deviant comparison not perfectly controlled Nonspatial selection operates later than spatial selection Almost any effect can be called an “attention effect” – effects before 100 ms occur only as a result of shifts of spatial attention prior to stimulus onset(with a few rare exceptions) © S. J. Luck. All Rights Reserved. May be used for nonprofit educational purposes if this copyright notice is included. Permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) for any other use.

Sustained Auditory Attention Stimuli Left standards (p = .4) Left deviants (p = .1) Right standards (p = .4) Right deviants (p = .1) SOA = 120-320 ms Conditions Attend left (press for left deviants) Attend right (press for right deviants) © S. J. Luck. All Rights Reserved. May be used for nonprofit educational purposes if this copyright notice is included. Permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) for any other use.

Sustained Auditory Attention ERP to Left Standards P2 MLRs Assumption: Early in time means early in information processing sequence Conclusion: Attention influences sensory processing C3 N1 Attend Left Attend Right © S. J. Luck. All Rights Reserved. May be used for nonprofit educational purposes if this copyright notice is included. Permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) for any other use. Woldorff & Hillyard (1991)

The Attentional Blink T2 Detection Accuracy T2-Only Condition (Report only T2 at end of trial) T2 Detection Accuracy Dual-Task Condition (Report T1 and T2 at end of trial) © S. J. Luck. All Rights Reserved. May be used for nonprofit educational purposes if this copyright notice is included. Permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) for any other use.

What Causes the Blink? Are subjects unable to identify T2 during the AB? Or do they see it and fail to store it in working memory? Previous research shows that we can perceive even complex pictures at 8/sec We ought to be able to perceive letters at 10/sec Logic of study Early sensory suppression during AB (P1 & N1)? Late perceptual suppression during AB (N400)? Postperceptual working memory suppression (P3)? © S. J. Luck. All Rights Reserved. May be used for nonprofit educational purposes if this copyright notice is included. Permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) for any other use.

Experiment 1: P1 and N1 T1 Task: Digit Odd or Even? © S. J. Luck. All Rights Reserved. May be used for nonprofit educational purposes if this copyright notice is included. Permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) for any other use. T1 Task: Digit Odd or Even? T2 Task: Red item Vowel or Consonant? Prediction: No P1/N1 suppression during AB

Overlap Problem © S. J. Luck. All Rights Reserved. May be used for nonprofit educational purposes if this copyright notice is included. Permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) for any other use.

Experiment 1 Results © S. J. Luck. All Rights Reserved. May be used for nonprofit educational purposes if this copyright notice is included. Permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) for any other use.

Difficult to draw strong conclusions from the lack of an ERP effect Experiment 1 Results © S. J. Luck. All Rights Reserved. May be used for nonprofit educational purposes if this copyright notice is included. Permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) for any other use. Difficult to draw strong conclusions from the lack of an ERP effect

Experiment 2: N400 Sweet …. Sugar Hot …. Sugar How to demonstrate that T2 was fully identified? Show that it can elicit an N400 Sweet …. Sugar © S. J. Luck. All Rights Reserved. May be used for nonprofit educational purposes if this copyright notice is included. Permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) for any other use. Hot …. Sugar If a semantic mismatch is detected when T2 is a word, then T2 must have been fully identified

Experiment 2: N400 © S. J. Luck. All Rights Reserved. May be used for nonprofit educational purposes if this copyright notice is included. Permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) for any other use.

The Overlap Problem © S. J. Luck. All Rights Reserved. May be used for nonprofit educational purposes if this copyright notice is included. Permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) for any other use.

Experiment 2 Results © S. J. Luck. All Rights Reserved. May be used for nonprofit educational purposes if this copyright notice is included. Permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) for any other use.

Does it matter whether this is really an N400? Experiment 2 Results © S. J. Luck. All Rights Reserved. May be used for nonprofit educational purposes if this copyright notice is included. Permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) for any other use. Does it matter whether this is really an N400?

Experiment 3: Control Is N400 sensitive to modest changes in perceptibility? Does even a slight perceived mismatch cause a large N400? © S. J. Luck. All Rights Reserved. May be used for nonprofit educational purposes if this copyright notice is included. Permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) for any other use.

Isolate P3 by subtracting frequent T2 from rare T2 Experiment 4: P3 © S. J. Luck. All Rights Reserved. May be used for nonprofit educational purposes if this copyright notice is included. Permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) for any other use. Isolate P3 by subtracting frequent T2 from rare T2

Experiment 4 Results © S. J. Luck. All Rights Reserved. May be used for nonprofit educational purposes if this copyright notice is included. Permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) for any other use.

Does it matter whether this is really a P3? Experiment 4 Results © S. J. Luck. All Rights Reserved. May be used for nonprofit educational purposes if this copyright notice is included. Permission must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) for any other use. Does it matter whether this is really a P3?