Church Hierarchy [monarch] Pope Rome throughout Europe [nobles close to the king] Cardinals [lords] Archbishops Archdioceses Dioceses (large towns) [knights] Bishops Parishes, monasteries [peasants] Priests Friars

Church and State Conflict Questions: top page 58 Describe the three central figures in the picture and how are they different from each other? With your table partner: What seems to be going on between them? With your group: Who is in control of the situation?

Conflict between Church (Pope) and State (Monarch) P. 58 Lay Investiture Video (2:20) Notes (Bullet Points OK) 5 pieces of information on the topic P. 59 Holy Roman Emperor Henry iv + Pope Gregory vii graphic organizer P. 60 Vocabulary HW from last night P. 61 Role of Church in medieval Europe

Church Lay investitures: appointment of bishops, priests, and other church officials by kings Tithe: 1/10th of annual produce or earnings taken to support the Church Simony: the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, e.g. pardons or benefices Excommunicate: to formally deprive a person of membership in the Church State Latin was the language of the Church and the only common language of Europe By 1050, the Church was the largest landowner in Europe

Hildebrand, no longer pope, but false monk! Lay investiture controversy, Gregorian reforms, or just the Conflict between Church and State No Worries Excommunicated! Hildebrand, no longer pope, but false monk! Wanted to reform corrupt church leaders who plotted with kings to increase their wealth and power I’m Sorry Now boys, knock it off ouch 1075 C.E. – outlaws lay investitures and threatens excommunication to any king who disobeys Countess Matilda

Concordat of Worms (Pactum Calixtux) Agreement between the Pope, Calixtus II, and the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry V September 23, 1122 King was recognized as having the right to invest bishops with secular authority (“by the lance”), but not with sacred authority (“by ring and staff”) Result was that bishops owed allegiance in worldly matters to both Pope and State Part of larger reforms put forth by Gregory VII, including celibacy of the clergy, the end of simony, and lay investiture

education + the church Schooling took place in monasteries: Taught people to read and write → Which king encouraged people to learn to read and write? Who were the educated? Clergy 2. Sons of Nobles entering Clergy new developments: form of writing with lower case letters universities → subjects include: grammar (latin), rhetoric (persuasive speaking + writing), logic, geometry, astronomy, music

education + the church Universities read ancient text from philosophers like ARISTOTLE Reason or Logic = path to knowledge Church taught people to be guided by FAITH in GOD Q: Why did the Church fear universities teaching reason/logic? A: People might QUESTION the Church’s Teachings

Thomas Aquinas Who is he? Italian philosopher + theologian What did he do? Tried to bridge gap between REASON + FAITH Admired Greek philosopher Aristotle Wrote arguments to show how reason + religious belief worked together Created concept of Natural Law

Pilgrimages + Crusades Pilgrimage or journey to a holy site = EXTRAORDINARY act of devotion Holy Sites include:Jerusalem, Rome, and churches with relics (holy object) Traveling = difficult Pilgrims often walked Robbers were a constant threat Result = pilgrims banded together others hired armed guard Popular Routes: roads + bridges built by local rulers hostels (a day apart) **some went on journey because of their SINS or hope to be CURED of illness***

Pilgrimages + Crusades Crusades = military expedition to the HOLY LAND (AKA Jerusalem) It was a holy city for Jews, Christians + Muslims Motives to go on crusade: wealth adventure would guarantee salvation deep religious feeling of duty

Holidays holiday comes from HOLY DAY Festivals + Fairs = most important days of the year *every day of year dedicated to: Christian saint event in life of jesus important religious concept most important holidays = Christmas + easter Easter Day of church services Feasts Games involving eggs (symbol of new life) Christmas Celebrations lasted 12 days Christmas day attended church great feast given by Lord of Manor

Holiday Entertainment What do you like to do at a party? Music → people sang folk songs Dancing → instruments made of wooden pipes + Drums Food → ate baked/fried food + drank wine and ale Other Entertainment: Bonfires Acrobats Jugglers dancing bears Plays → Priests acted out Bible Stories Often outdoors for more ppl to watch Mummers = traveling group of actors Would give elaborate performances