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The Vertebrate Animals

All Vertebrates are Chordates Phylum chordata! Chordates ALL have 4 characteristics sometime during their lives a notochord nerve cord gill slits a tail

99% of chordates are vertebrates - Characteristics of Vertebrates Bilateral Symmetry with 2 pairs of appendages, cephalization (sense organs concentrated in a head region) True body cavity closed circulatory system. Endoskeleton including a vertebral column Well developed body systems.

Classes of Vertebrates Jawless fish Cartilaginous Fishes Bony Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

Jawless Fish Primitive, no paired fins no bone, all cartilage Lamprey – a parasite Hagfish – scavenger, also called slime eel.

Cartilage Fish Sharks, skates, rays 750 species Ventral mouth Spiral valve increases surface area Massive liver (up to half body weight) skin with tooth-like scales

Bony Fish 20-30,000 species Appeared 400 million years ago Cold blooded, flat scales, swim bladder gills and gill cover Most lay eggs eyes usually on the side of the head

Amphibians 2000 species, appeared 350 million years ago. Cold-blooded, moist skin, lungs, no claws Lay jellylike eggs Life cycle includes a larval stage 90% are frogs and toads

Reptiles 6500 species, appeared 300 million years ago. Cold-blooded, hard shelled eggs, internal fertilization Body covered with scales. Include crocodilians, lizards and snakes, turtles and the tuatara

Birds 8600 species, appeared 130 million years ago. Warm blooded, 4 chambered heart Feathered dinosaurs Feathers, crop, oil glands, hollow bones, fused skeleton---all adaptations for flight.

Mammals First appeared 180 million years ago 4500 species, most are placental. 2 primitive orders; monotremes and marsupials Diaphragm, hair, mammary glands, lips, different kinds of teeth, external ears, three internal ear bones.

Under Classes of Vertebrates put the number of the picture you think it is. 3 1 6 2 4 7 5

Amphibian The word "amphibian" is derived from a Ancient Greek term which means "both kinds of lifeThe term was initially used as a general adjective for animals that could live on land or in water, including seals and otters.

Amphibian Characteristics are vertebrates. are cold-blooded. They cannot regulate their own body temperature. spend at poikilothermic-least part of their lives in water and on land. do not have scales and their skin is permeable (molecules and gases can pass through). have gills for at least part of their lives. Some species have gills only as larvae, while others can have gills throughout their lives. Most go through metamorphosis

Exit Ticket 1. Give 2 examples of the Phyla of vertebrates. What Phyla does frogs fall under?

Circulatory System Amphibians have a juvenile stage and an adult stage, and the circulatory systems of the two are distinct In the juvenile (or tadpole) stage, the circulation is similar to that of a fish; the two-chambered heart pumps the blood through the gills where it is oxygenated, and is spread around the body and back to the heart in a single loop.

Circulatory system In the adult stage, amphibians (especially frogs) lose their gills and develop lungs. They have a heart that consists of a single ventricle and two atria. When the ventricle starts contracting, deoxygenated blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Continued contraction then pumps oxygenated blood around the rest of the body. Mixing of the two bloodstreams is minimized by the anatomy of the chambers

Anatomy of the Frog Heart

Locomotion there are four digits on the fore foot and five on the hind foot. the hind legs are larger than the fore legs Swim, Jump and walk

Frog Jumping

Nervous System The frog has a highly developed nervous system that consists of a brain, spinal cord and nerves. Many parts of the frog's brain correspond with those of humans.

Sensory Sight The eyes are located on either side of the head near the top and project outwards as hemispherical bulges. They provide binocular vision over a field of 100° to the front and a total visual field of almost 360° Each eye has closable upper and lower lids and a nictitating membrane which provides further protection, especially when the frog is swimming

Sensory Hearing Frogs can hear both in the air and below water. They do not have external ears; the eardrums (tympanic membranes) are directly exposed or may be covered by a layer of skin and are visible as a circular area just behind the eye

Calling Why frogs call? To attract a mate. How else would you find a lover in the dark of night? Frogs will call during their mating season in the spring, then quiet down for the summer and fall.

Frog Call

Skin protective, can absorb water, helps control body temperature and has a respiratory function. It has many glands, particularly on the head and back, The secretion is often sticky and helps keep the skin moist, protects against the entry of molds and bacteria, and make the animal slippery and more able to escape from predators. The skin is shed every few weeks. It usually splits down the middle of the back and across the belly, and the frog pulls its arms and legs free. The sloughed skin is then worked towards the head where it is quickly eaten

Skin Has a respiratory function Many frogs are able to absorb water and oxygen directly through the skin, especially around the pelvic area, but the permeability of a frog's skin can also result in water loss. Glands located all over the body exude mucus which helps keep the skin moist and reduces evaporation.

Reproduction external and aquatic The reproduction takes place after hibernation, usually between March and July. Females lay the eggs once a year in densely packed clusters.

Reproduction Normally, the eggs are laid so that they are attached to some sort of aquatic vegetation The eggs typically hatch within 2-14 days, but can vary depending on the temperature of the water they were laid in. The tadpoles transform into frogs within 3 to 6 months, this process is called metamorphosis.