The Industry Ontology Foundry Barry Smith National Center for Ontological Research (NCOR) Buffalo, NY Ontology Summit, NIST May 15, 2017

Slides http://ncor.buffalo.edu/IOF/Ontolog.pptx

Early history of ontologies for engineering A requirement ontology for engineering design J Lin, MS Fox, T Bilgic - Concurrent Engineering, 1996 Ontology as a requirements engineering product KK Breitman, JCS do Prado Leite - Requirements Engineering …, 2003 Ontology-based active requirements engineering framework SW Lee, RA Gandhi - … Engineering Conference, 2005 Revisiting the core ontology and problem in requirements engineering I Jureta, J Mylopoulos… - … Requirements Engineering …, 2008 …

Typical reasons for ontology failure Too many ontologies Built independently No common methodology Short half life Few definitions (many of them circular, or involving undefined codes) Few commonly accepted QA standards Poor training Poor documentation Consequence: no real-world examples of industrial use

One signal success story: The Gene Ontology (GO, b. 1998) for consistent tagging of genomics data and literature, now used across all of the life sciences Uses of ‘ontology’ in PubMed abstracts http://ehealthadvice.info/what-is-crohns-disease/

GO’s three sub-ontologies is_a GO’s three sub-ontologies biological molecular cellular process function component part_of is_a standard tool in drug discovery …

2004–: extending GO with new ontology modules to provide representations of cell types cell parts protein population sequence metabolism development disease anatomy …

RELATION TO TIME GRANULARITY CONTINUANT OCCURRENT INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT ORGAN AND ORGANISM Organism (NCBI Taxonomy) Anatomical Entity (FMA, CARO) Organ Function (FMP, CPRO) Phenotypic Quality (PaTO) Biological Process (GO) CELL AND CELLULAR COMPONENT Cell (CL) Cellular Component (FMA, GO) Cellular Function MOLECULE Molecule (ChEBI, SO, RnaO, PrO) Molecular Function Molecular Process Original OBO (Open Biomedical Ontologies) Foundry (b. 2004) (Gene Ontology in yellow)

OBO Foundry grows to encompass further domains (2014) Environments (ENVO) Populations, Communities (PCO) Information Artifacts (IAO) Experiments and Investigations (OBI)

OBO Foundry Principles commitment by developers of all ontology modules to collaborate Unrestricted open access license common formal language (OWL, CL) maintenance in light of scientific advance

OBO Foundry Principles common architecture (BFO, Relation Ontology) all terms should be singular common nouns locus of authority, trackers, help desk all terms have definitions (formal + textual) orthogonality – one ontology for each domain

8. providing all terms with definitions creates network effects complex terms in ontologies are defined wherever possible by using simpler terms from existing OBO Foundry ontologies elevated blood glucose concentration =def PATO: increased concentration of CHEBI: glucose in FMA: blood

9. orthogonality – one ontology for each domain Create OBO Library OBO Foundry = subset of OBO Library: Foundry ontologies selected through a process of peer review Maintain OBO Foundry ontologies as reference ontologies for aggressive reuse using a hub and spokes (and spokes of spokes) strategy

Extension Strategy + Modular Organization top level mid-level domain level Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) Information Artifact Ontology (IAO) Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI) Spatial Ontology (BSPO) Anatomy Ontology (FMA*, CARO) Environment Ontology (EnvO) Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO*) Biological Process Ontology (GO*) Cell Ontology (CL) Cellular Component (FMA*, GO*) Phenotypic Quality Ontology (PaTO) Subcellular Anatomy Ontology (SAO) Sequence Ontology (SO*) Molecular Function (GO*) Protein Ontology (PRO*) * = dedicated NIH funding Extension Strategy + Modular Organization

Hub-and-spokes strategy extended into other domains NIF Standard Neuroscience Information Framework eagle-I Integrated Semantic Framework / CTSA Connect cROP / Planteome Common Reference Ontologies for Plants UNEP Ontology Framework United Nations Environment Programme USGS National Map Ontologies United States Geological Survey TRIP Ontologies Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Transportation Research Informatics Platform (TRIP)

Examples of ontology suites with top-level ontology hubs Domain URL Open Biomedical Ontologies Foundry life sciences http://obofoundry.org VIVO-Integrated Semantic Framework (VIVO-ISF)  scientific research (persons, works, relations of authorship) https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/VIVO-ISF Planteome Ontologies plant science / genomics http://www.plantontology.org/ Common Core Ontologies (CCO) military and related domains http://milportal.ncor.buffalo.edu/ontologies Common IC Ontology intelligence community Infectious Disease Ontologies (ISO) Infectious diseases, vaccines http://infectiousdiseaseontology.org/page/ UNEP SDGIO UN Sustainable Development Interface Ontology http://pre-uneplive.unep.org/portal Industry Ontologies Foundry (IOF)

~ 300 ontologies re-using BFO http://basic-formal-ontology.org/users

http://ontology.buffalo.edu/BOBFO

Industry Ontologies Foundry (IOF) initiative, to create a suite of interoperable high quality ontologies covering the domain of industrial (especially manufacturing) engineering

Industry Ontologies Foundry – GOVERNMENT NIST Nenad Ivezic Boonserm Kulvatunyou KC Morris Vijay Srinivasan Ram Sriram Paul Witherell Evan Wallace … Air Force Research Lab Clare Paul …

Potential collaborating partners 2015- AFRL / AFMC AFRL Air Vehicle Platform Ontology 2017- Jet Propulsion Lab (+DoD, …) Semantic Technologies for Systems Engineering Working Group (STSEWG)

Industry Ontologies Foundry – INDUSTRY Airbus Autodesk Cambridge Semantics CIMData CUBRC Dassault Industries IBM Oracle Samsung SteveRay.com …

Industry Ontologies Foundry – ACADEMIA Clemson University (Venkat Krovi) École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (Dimitris Kiritsis) INP-ENIT, University of Toulouse (Hedi Karray) Loughborough University, UK (Bob Young) National Center for Ontological Research (Kemper Lewis, Neil Otte Rahul Rai, Ron Rudnicki, Barry Smith) Penn State (Timothy Simpson) Texas State (Farhad Ameri) UMass Amherst (Ian Grosse) University of Toronto (Michael Grüninger) …

Industry Ontologies Foundry Kick-Off NIST, December 8, 2017 http://blog.mesa.org/2017/03/working-towards-industrial-ontology.html

Second Workshop NIST, April 10-11, 2017 Coordinators: Dimitris Kiritsis (EPFL, Lausanne) and Paul Witherell (NIST) Monday April 10, 2017 • 1:00-1:30 Overview of IOF to Date 1:30-3:15 Panel 1 – Revisiting BFO – What has worked in the past • 3:30-5:00 Panel 2 – Industrial Implementations – What has worked in the past Tuesday April 11, 2017 8:30-11:30 Industry Implementations (continued) 1:00-1:45 Case Studies • 1:45-3:30 Governance – Discussions led by Chris Will (Dassault Industries) and KC Morris (NIST)

IOF goal of orthogonality – one ontology for each domain First step: Industrial Engineering Ontologies portal http://ieportal.ncor.buffalo.edu/ * providing easy access to legacy industry ontology resources Next step: select candidate IO Foundry ontologies through a process of peer review *Based on National Center for Biomedical Ontology virtual appliance at: http://www.bioontology.org/wiki/index.php/Category:NCBO_Virtual_Appliance

IE http://ieportal.ncor.buffalo.edu

IOF testbeds DMDII / CUBRC / CHAMP MatOnto Materials Ontology Basic Formal Ontology Product Life Cycle Ontology

IOF testbeds DMDII / CUBRC / CHAMP MatOnto Materials Ontology Basic Formal Ontology Product Life Cycle Ontology

Digital Manufacturing and Design Innovation Institute (DMDII) http://dmdii.uilabs.org/projects/calls/completing-the-model-based-definition

Model-Based Definition (MBD) Build on successes of CAD technology CAD focused on shape Extend CAD from shape to behavior, materials, product life cycle, … WHY DOES THIS NOT WORK?

As companies mature, they must accommodate technological change and technological diversity among vendors and clients Over time, data comes to be stored in different forms that prevent interoperability. Here: FilemakerPro, a Window’s folder hierarchy, Oracle, and a paper file drawer. This is a rough approximation of Cobham’s situation.

DMDII initiative: Coordinated Holistic Alignment of Manufacturing Processes create a flexible extensible suite of interoperable generic public-domain ontologies covering the domain of manufacturing engineering test the utility of these ontologies in the day to day work flows of a local manufacturing enterprise

CHAMP Holistic Overview Ontological Semantic Concept Alignment and Refinement (OSCAR) – extension of KARMA tool from USC: http://usc-isi-i2.github.io/karma/ Integrated Data Management System (IDMS) enhances data generated by the product development process – data about products, parts, functional capabilities, failure modes, tests, test equipment and locations, failures, root causes, corrective actions ...

This makes it hard to answer questions requiring data from different sources of data to be aligned. Questions such as: How have changes in the quality of vendor-supplied parts led to product failures over time? What changes could be made in the production process to save time and money while preserving product quality? Barry, note you can also say this situation is made worse by employees usually have a limited set of Unix permissions even within particular file systems. This means you might have permissions to see production files on one product, but not on vendors. To navigate permissions, I am also working on a Unix permissions ontology. It’s too early for slides though, unfortunately.

are out of reach to small companies. Companies routinely pay consultants to build custom systems to integrate legacy data. Such custom systems: are out of reach to small companies. represent significant investment for large companies, and even then they do not work (and not only for supply chain reasons) ’legacy data’ here denotes data (often old data) prior to a process of integration.

CHAMP will: analyze the domain of industrial manufacturing across the product lifecycle. work with industry experts and Cobham Industries to address both locally tailored and canonical forms of data. produce a series of modular, interoperable ontologies that others may download and tailor for free online. develop natural language processing, optical character recognition, and other solutions to ingesting legacy data. produce an ontology browser that simplifies the query process for employees.

The Common Core Ontologies Basic Formal Ontology The Common Core Ontologies Quality Info Time Agent Artifact Event Unit Geospatial

Product Life Cycle Ontology Basic Formal Ontology The Common Core Ontologies Quality Info Time Agent Artifact Event Unit Geospatial Product Life Cycle Ontology Machine and Tool Ontology Materials Ontology Addictive Manufacturing Ontology Functionally Graded Materials Ontology Slacks = Semantic Knowledge Manage System for Laminated Composites developed by Ian Grosse from Umass. CHEBI SLACKS Manufacturing Process Ontology

Industrial Organization 1 Particulars Universals Act of Manufacturing2 Product 2 has output agent in Artifact is input in instance of agent in Industrial Organization 2 inheres in Act of Manufacturing1 Product Role Product 1 has output inheres in Act of Testing prescribes realized in Design Specification Function has output instance of Measurement Data instance of Realizable Entity Information Content Entity Question: How do the parts supplied by suppliers affect testing outcomes of assembled products?

Data Alignment uses OSCAR (a proprietary improvement on KARMA) Data Alignment uses OSCAR (a proprietary improvement on KARMA). This tool imports OWL and CSV files and allows users to create and export mappings, as well as to generate and export RDF. Here we see from the previous slide the radiographic exam, as well as instances of the act that produced them, the inflation device that participates in them, and the acts. Some of these columns were created by using python to transform or supplement the original columns in the CSV file. There are then some preliminary mappings that appear on top of the columns, displaying column URIs.

Information Content Entity Organization 1 Particulars Universals Act of Manufacturing2 Product 2 has output agent in Artifact is input in instance of agent in Organization 2 inheres in Act of Manufacturing1 Product Role Product 1 has output Organization 1 produces Product 1 using Product 2 produced by Organization 2. Query all those parts produced by different organizations at different times and compare them to the test results, here represented by the class ‘measurement data’. inheres in Act of Testing prescribes realized in Design Specification Function has output instance of Measurement Data instance of Realizable Entity Information Content Entity Question: How do the parts supplied by suppliers affect testing outcomes of assembled products?

BFO: Generically Dependent continuant BFO:Process BFO: Object BFO: continuant BFO: occurrent Particulars is a is a is a Universals BFO: Generically Dependent continuant BFO:Process BFO: Object is a is a is a CCO: Artifact CCO: Intention Act is a instance of CCO: Information Content Entity PLC: Product is a instance of CHAMP: Act of Production instance of Inflation Device instance of participates in Nominal Measurement Information Content Entity Information Content Entity Bearer Act of Lot Acceptance Testing instance of inheres in Here is a diagram showing that an inflation device produced by Cobham was X-rayed during a sample check. The X ray is performed to ensure there are not cracks or bubbles internal to the body of the device. In this instance, the inflation device passed the radiographic exam. [Note: The prefixes included in the universal nodes here include the PLC (product life cycle), CCO (common core ontologies), the CHAMP (formerly referred to as the FLU12 ontology), and of course BFO. ] participates in has text value Act of Radiographic Exam xsd: “Pass” has output

BFO: continuant BFO: occurrent Particulars is a is a is a Universals BFO: Generically Dependent continuant BFO:Process BFO: Object Inflation device produced by Cobham passed an X-ray test during a sample check. The X-ray is performed to ensure there are no cracks or bubbles internal to the body of the device. is a is a is a CCO: Artifact CCO: Intention Act is a instance of CCO: Information Content Entity PLC: Product is a instance of CHAMP: Act of Production instance of Inflation Device instance of participates in Nominal Measurement Information Content Entity Information Content Entity Bearer Act of Lot Acceptance Testing instance of inheres in participates in has text value Act of Radiographic Exam xsd: “Pass” has output

Data Alignment uses OSCAR (a proprietary improvement on KARMA) Data Alignment uses OSCAR (a proprietary improvement on KARMA). This tool imports OWL and CSV files and allows users to create and export mappings, as well as to generate and export RDF. Here we see from the previous slide the radiographic exam, as well as instances of the act that produced them, the inflation device that participates in them, and the acts. Some of these columns were created by using python to transform or supplement the original columns in the CSV file. There are then some preliminary mappings that appear on top of the columns, displaying column URIs.

Data Alignment uses OSCAR (a proprietary improvement on KARMA) Data Alignment uses OSCAR (a proprietary improvement on KARMA). This tool imports OWL and CSV files and allows users to create and export mappings, as well as to generate and export RDF. Here we see from the previous slide the radiographic exam, as well as instances of the act that produced them, the inflation device that participates in them, and the acts. Some of these columns were created by using python to transform or supplement the original columns in the CSV file. There are then some preliminary mappings that appear on top of the columns, displaying column URIs.

Oscar – Tool for Ingesting Legacy Data

Return the 25 products having the longest durations of unscheduled maintenance during 2016 To answer this query system might look at the series of RDF statements below artifact:Product Model X info:prescribes local:SerialNumber_7000000456 local:SerialNumber_7000000456 ro:participates_in local:Maint_1718388407… local:Maint_1718388407… ero:occurs_on local:TimeInterval_2015-12-1706:05… local:TimeInterval_2015-12-1706:05… info:designated_by local:MaintDurationMeasure… local:MaintDurationMeasure… ero:inheres_in local:MaintDurationHrsToken… local:MaintDurationHrsToken… has_integer_value n

IOF testbeds DMDII / CUBRC / CHAMP MatOnto Materials Ontology Basic Formal Ontology Product Life Cycle Ontology

MatOnto (background) Materials Genome Initiative AFRL-managed ontology (‘MatOnto’) MatOnto software tool: http://matonto.org/ (~ Protégé for ontology suites) IOF MatOnto ontology initiative

MatOnto: A suite of ontology modules based on BFO Existing ontologies in process of being re-engineered to be BFO- conformant: for Laminated Composites: SLACKS (UMass) for Functionally Graded Materials: FGMO (NCOR, Milan Polytechnic) Existing ontologies already BFO-conformant: for Polymers: CHEBI (EBI) See: http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/MatOnto_Ontology_Meetings

IOF testbeds DMDII / CUBRC / CHAMP MatOnto Materials Ontology Basic Formal Ontology Product Life Cycle Ontology

Extension Strategy + Modular Organization top level mid-level domain level Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) Information Artifact Ontology (IAO) Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI) Spatial Ontology (BSPO) Anatomy Ontology (FMA*, CARO) Environment Ontology (EnvO) Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO*) Biological Process Ontology (GO*) Cell Ontology (CL) Cellular Component (FMA*, GO*) Phenotypic Quality Ontology (PaTO) Subcellular Anatomy Ontology (SAO) Sequence Ontology (SO*) Molecular Function (GO*) Protein Ontology (PRO*) * = dedicated NIH funding Extension Strategy + Modular Organization

BFO:continuant continuant independent continuant portion of material object fiat object part object aggregate object boundary site dependent continuant generically dependent continuant information artifact specifically dependent continuant quality realizable entity function role disposition spatial region 0D-region 1D-region 2D-region 3D-region

BFO:occurrent occurrent processual entity process fiat process part process aggregate process boundary processual context spatiotemporal region scattered spatiotemporal region connected spatiotemporal region spatiotemporal instant spatiotemporal interval temporal region scattered temporal region connected temporal region temporal instant temporal interval

Basic Formal Ontology types Continuant Occurrent process Independent Continuant material entity Specifically Dependent Continuant attribute qualities, dispositions, functions depend on specific bearers .... ..... ....... instances

.... ..... ....... Basic Formal Ontology information entity Continuant Occurrent process Independent Continuant material entity Generically Dependent Continuant information entity information entity can be copied from one bearer to another .... ..... .......

IOF testbeds DMDII / CUBRC / CHAMP MatOnto Materials Ontology Basic Formal Ontology Product Life Cycle Ontology

Basic Formal Ontology Information entity can be copied to a Continuant Occurrent process Independent Continuant material entity Generically Dependent Continuant information entity Information entity can be copied to a different bearer

Top Level organization of BFO BFO: Continuant BFO: Occurrent Material Entity Attribute Information Entity Process occupies occupies Spatial Region Temporal Region

Material Entity Information Entity Process We focus here on these three BFO:categories (ignoring ‘Attribute’ for the sake of simplicity)

Portion of Material Part/Component Switch Boiler Furnace Tank Factory Material Entity Information Entity Process Portion of Material Part/Component Switch Boiler Furnace Tank Factory Access road Delivery vehicle

Material Entity Information Entity Process Product Model (output of CAD system) Requirement Specification Process Plan Production Plan Part/Component List Maintenance Plan Maintenance Report Maintenance History

Material Entity Information Entity Process Design Process Production Process Production Plan Generation Process Product Use Process Product Maintenance Process Product Inspection Process End Of Life Process

Material Entity Information Entity Process

Process Information Entity Material Entity

time Process Information Entity Material Entity

Top Level organization of BFO BFO: Continuant BFO: Occurrent Material Entity Attribute Information Entity Process occupies occupies Spatial Region Temporal Region For some processes we have also process boundaries (beginning of process, end of process) at determinate Temporal Intervals. For some processes beginnings or endings may be indeterminate

BFO: Process Planned Process Product Life Cycle (PLC) Process Information Entity Material Entity

BFO: Process Planned Process Product Life Cycle (PLC) Process Part of Part of Part of Part of Part of Part of End of Life Process Design Process Production Plan Generation Process Production Process Mainten-ance Process Inter- sperses Use Process Follows Follows Follows Follows Information Entity Material Entity

Parthood Structure of PLC Product Life Cycle (PLC) Part of Part of Part of Part of Part of Part of End of Life Process Design Process Production Plan Generation Process Production Process Mainten-ance Process Inter- sperses Use Process Follows Follows Follows Follows

Is-a (Subtype-of) Structure of the PLC BFO: Process Is_a Product Life Cycle (PLC) Is-a Is-a Is-a Is-a Is-a Is-a End of Life Process Design Process Production Plan Generation Process Production Process Mainten-ance Process Follows Inter- sperses Use Process Follows Follows Follows The PLC is a process

Is-a (Subtype-of) Structure of the PLC BFO: Process Is_a Product Life Cycle (PLC) Is-a Is-a Is-a Is-a Is-a Is-a End of Life Process Design Process Production Plan Generation Process Production Process Mainten-ance Process Follows Inter- sperses Use Process Follows Follows Follows But the successive parts of the PLC are also processes

Disposal and Recycling BFO: Process Process Planned Process Process Product Life Cycle (PLC) Part of Part of Part of Part of Part of Part of End of Life Process Design Process Production Plan Generation Process Production Process Mainten-ance Process Use Process Follows Follows Follows Inter- sperses Follows Generic perspective from the manufacturing industry Requirement Planning Concept Development Product Definition Product Development Product Introduction Product Support Disposal and Recycling

BFO: Process Planned Process Product Life Cycle (PLC) Design Process Part of Part of Part of Part of Design Process Production Plan Generation Process Production Process Maintenance Process Follows Follows Follows Has output Guides Information Entity Production Plan

BFO: Process Product Planned Process Product Life Cycle (PLC) Design Part of Part of Part of Part of Design Process Production Plan Generation Process Production Process Maintenance Process Follows Follows Follows Has output Guided-by Information Entity Production Plan Has-output Material Entity Product

Maintenance Plan Maintenance Process Generation Process Guided-by Has output Maintenance Plan

BFO: Process Planned Process Product Life Cycle (PLC) Design Process Part of Part of Part of Part of Design Process Production Plan Generation Process Production Process Maintenance Process Follows Follows Follows Maintenance Plan Generation Process Guided-by Has output Has output Information Entity Guided-by Production Plan Maintenance Plan

BFO: Process Planned Process Product Life Cycle (PLC) Design Process Part of Part of Part of Part of Design Process Production Plan Generation Process Production Process Maintenance Process Follows Follows Follows Maintenance Plan Generation Process Guided-by Guided-by Has output Has output Production Plan Maintenance Plan Maintenance Report In what sense is the maintenance process ‘Guided-by’ the maintenance plan? To deal with this we need to introduce the dimension of inspection and decision to maintain (similarly we need to add the dimension of market research and decision to produce, prior to the design and production plan generation processes)

BFO: Process Product Planned Process Product Life Cycle (PLC) Design Part of Part of Part of Part of Design Process Production Plan Generation Process Production Process Maintenance Process Follows Follows Follows Has output Guided-by Information Entity Production Plan Has-output Material Entity Product

BFO: Process Product Planned Process Product Life Cycle (PLC) Design Part of Part of Part of Part of Design Process Production Plan Generation Process Production Process Maintenance Process Follows Follows Follows Maintenance Plan Generation Process Guided-by Guided-by Has output* Has output Production Plan Maintenance Plan Maintenance Report Has output* Product *Two different senses of ‘Has output’? or two different senses of ‘Product’?

Technical Manual BFO: Process Planned Process Product Life Cycle (PLC) Part of Part of Part of Production Plan Generation Process Production Process Maintenance Process Follows Follows Maintenance Plan Generation Process Has output Guided-by Has output Maintenance Report Guided-by Production Plan Maintenance Plan Maintenance History Technical Manual

Material Entity Raw Material Waste Material Product Has-input Transformed-into Product Has-input We need to deal with the fact that the end-of-life process normally occurs not merely after some process of use, but after long sequence of processes of use or after a long time period has elapsed

Process Material Entity Product Life Cycle (PLC) Information Entity BFO: Process Planned Process Product Life Cycle (PLC) Process Part of Part of Part of Part of Part of Part of Design process Production Plan Generation Process Production Process Possession, Storage Use Process End of Life Process Follows Follows Follows Follows Follows Maintenance Plan Generation Process Part of Guides Maintenance Process Has output Is input for Is input for Has output Guides Is input for Has output Requirements Specification Product Model (Drawing, …) Production Plan Maintenance Plan Guides Has output Has output Maintenance Report Information Entity Technical Documentation User Documentation Is input for Has output Is input for Has output Portion of Raw Material Portion of Waste Material Product Material Entity Human being (Designer, Manager, Machinist, Maintenance Engineer, User, … ) Factory (Machine, Bulding, …) Utility Supply System (Energy, Water, Data … )

Structure of the Current Ontologies Basic Formal Ontology Materials Ontology The Common Core Ontologies Machine Ontology Product Life Cycle (PLC) Production Plan Generation Process Design Process Follows Mainten-ance Process Use End of Life Process Part of Inter- sperses Production Tool Ontology Facility Ontology Product Ontologies We are leveraging these ontologies, all of which are presently under development. Slacks = Semantic Knowledge Manage System for Laminated Composites developed by Ian Grosse from UMass

Slides http://ncor.buffalo.edu/IOF/Ontolog.pptx With thanks to Dimitris Kiritsis Neil Otte Ron Rudnicki

Coda: On the Choice of BFO as Top Level Ontology

BFO DOLCE SUMO ISO High Fleet Onto- Step Research CYC ISO 15926 High Fleet Onto- Step Small    Open Top Level

BFO DOLCE SUMO Small   Open Top Level  Documentation User Technical External community review / support Users Domain ontology developers

BFO DOLCE SUMO ISO High Fleet Onto- Step Research CYC ISO 15926 High Fleet Onto- Step Small    Open Top Level Documentation User Technical External com-munity review / support Users Domain onto-logy developers Axiomatization OWL Common Logic Natural language definitions WordNet mapping Stable Explicit license