the fields of Linguistics AUG. 30, 2017 – DAY 2 Brain & Language LING 4110-4890-5110-7960 NSCI 4110-4891-6110 Harry Howard Tulane University

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Course organization http://www.tulane.edu/~h0Ward/BrLg/ Fun with https://www.facebook.com/BrLg17/

The fields of linguistics 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University The fields of linguistics

What are the parts of the sentence below? 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University What are the parts of the sentence below? Flying planes can be dangerous.

How do you pronounce the sentence? 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University How do you pronounce the sentence? 'Flying planes can be dangerous.' [flaɪiŋ pleɪnz kæn bi deɪnʤəɹəs]

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Practice ‘flies’ ‘ban’ ‘bank’ ‘judge’ [næt] [ʤiɹ] [keɪn] [bəs] [ɹiŋ] [flaɪz] [bæ̃n] [baɪ̃nk] [ʤəʤ] 'gnat' 'jeer' 'cane 'bus' 'ring'

The cognition of speech: phonology 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University The cognition of speech: phonology

Practice: Decide which of the following words have nasalized vowels 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Practice: Decide which of the following words have nasalized vowels ‘bass’ ‘ban’ ‘Saab’ ‘nab’ 'man' [bæs] [bæ̃n] [sab] [næb] [mæ̃n] Can you think of a rule or generalization that predicts whether a vowel is nasalized or not?

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University A table of contexts N V C C V C C V N (C) ‘mop’ [map] ‘dodge’ [daʤ] ‘Don’ [dãn] ‘nod’ [nad] ‘bass’ [bæs] ‘bone’ [bõn] ‘nab’ [næb] ‘bad’ [bæd] ‘bond’ [bãnd]

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University French Graphemic Phonetic Meaning ‘sa’ [sa] his/her ‘sans’ [sã] without ‘beau’ [bo] handome ‘bon’ [bõ] good How does nasalization of a vowel affect a word in French? Can you think of a rule or generalization that predicts whether a vowel is nasalized or not?

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University English vs. French Graphemic Phonetic Phonemic ‘dodge’ [daʤ] /daʤ/ ‘Don’ [dãn] /dan/ ‘sa’ [sa] /sa/ ‘sans’ [sã] /sã/

Phonetic vs. phonemic organization 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Phonetic vs. phonemic organization Property Phonetic Phonemic unit allophone phoneme notation [] // representation physical mental distribution complementary contrastive

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University The parts of words Morphology

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Practice: Divide the following words into morphemes. Can you tell what each morpheme does? ‘blackberry’ ‘cranberry’ ‘morphology’ ‘transport' ‘blacken’ ‘disassemble’ ‘run’ black-berry cran?berry morph-ology trans-port black-en dis-assemble (as verb) run-Ø

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Practice, cont. What is the longest word in English? Post your longest word to our Facebook page. Divide it into morphemes, on your own, not necessarily on Facebook. antidisestalishmentarianism anti-dis-establish-ment-ar-ian-ism

Putting words together 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Putting words together syntax

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Ambiguity Our sample sentence is ambiguous: Flying planes can be dangerous. That’s why I would never fly one. Flying planes can be dangerous. One crashed just the other day. To fly a plane can be dangerous. That’s why I would never fly one. Planes up in the air can be dangerous. One crashed just the other day. Notation [NP [ADJ flying][N planes]] can be dangerous. That’s why I would never fly one. [NP [V flying][N planes]] can be dangerous. One crashed just the other day.

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University How to know a phrase when you see one (How do I know that [flying planes] is a phrase?) 1a. What can be dangerous? Flying planes. b. *What planes can be dangerous? *Flying. c. but: What planes can be dangerous? Flying ones. 2a. What can be dangerous is flying planes. b. *What planes can be dangerous is flying. 3a. It is flying planes that can be dangerous. b. *It is flying that planes can be dangerous. 4a. Flying planes which are overloaded can be dangerous. b. *Flying which planes are overloaded can be dangerous. 5a. Flying planes can be dangerous. They are everywhere. b. Flying can be dangerous. *They planes are everywhere.

Practice: Crash blossoms 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Practice: Crash blossoms Squad helps dog bite victim. French push bottles up German rear. British left waffles on Falklands. Landmine claims dog arms company. I'm glad I'm a man, and so is Lola. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic_ambiguity#In_headlines

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Meaning Semantics

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Try to identify the semantic relationships that hold between the words of each line violin, fiddle hot, cold finger, hand wood, chair virus, epidemic car, plane, train I stowed my gear in the trunk. vs. I stowed my gear in the asparagus.

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University Field Observations graphemics the study of writing systems; a little with visual language auditory phonetics yes articulatory phonetics phonology prosody the study of stress and intonation; yes morphology syntax semantics pragmatics a little lexicography the study of words; implicit in some of the others language development the study of how children learn language; maybe bi- or multilingualism the study of people who speak more than one language; a little sociolinguistics the study of how language varies by social group; no dialectology the study of the language of specific (usually geographically defined) social groups; no historical linguistics the study of how languages change; no, neuroscience can’t study dead people, but … evolution of language the study of how humans acquired language; maybe – what fun! almost pure speculation anthropological linguistics the study of how language varies by social group, usually pre-industrial or non-Western; no

Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University 8/30/17 Brain & Language - Harry Howard - Tulane University NEXT TIME The macrostructure of the brain