Crisis of Feudalism in Europe Black Death – Demographic Crisis Productivity Crisis Political Crisis (Rising Taxes) Rebellions-Revolts-Reformation Territorial Expansion as a Key to Solve the Crisis Explorations

Columbian Exchange

Columbian Exchange Intellectual Effects Economic Effects Nutritional Effects Demographic Effecs

Worlds Collided Encomienda Aztecs and Cortes (1522) Incas and Pizzaro (1532) Silver and Sugar

Characteristics of Plantation Most of the productive labor was forced labor The population was not self sustaining Contained feudal elements Political control lay in another continent and another society Agricultural enterprise was organized in large scale capitalist plantations  supply a distant market with a highly specialized product

Different Forms of Labor Serf Encomienda Indentured Servitude Slavery Wage labor

How did Integration Affect Political Systems? American Silver and the “Price Revolution” The Rise of Bourgeoisie and The Decline of Nobility The Fall of Spain and Large Empires Mercantalism Foreign Commerce as Source of Prosperity The Interdependence of Merchants and States No competition is allowed

New Colonizers (The Dutch, The British, and The French) The Dutch as World Hegemony in the 17th Century France’s Fur Trading Empire England’s Landed Empire Indentured Servitude Tobacco

The Enlightenment The application of the Scientific revolution to the study of human society Copernicus (Solar System) Newton (Law of Gravity) The World is a knowable object, laws governing the universe Social Contract Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau Hostile to the Nobility

The American Revolution 1775-1800

Mercantalism and the British Empire Foreign Commerce as Source of Prosperity The Interdependence of Merchants and States No competition is allowed

Growing Tension between Britain and the Colony Seven Years’ War Financing the War New Taxes in the Colony (Sugar Act 1764, Stamp Act 1765, etc.) No Taxation without Representation “Boston Massacre” 1770 “Boston Tea Party ” 1774

The Course of Revolution Revolution Begins 1775 The Continental Congress 1775 George Washington, Thomas Paine (Common Sense), and John Locke The Declaration of Independence, 4 July 1776

“That all men are created are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.”

The Revolution Ends Treaty of Paris 1783 Britain Recognizes the New American Nation The new constitution reflected the Enlightenment ideas of Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau.

North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783

The United States in 1787

The framers of the Constitution saw government in terms of a social contract. Elected legislature and an elected president. The Constitution created a federal republic, with power divided between the federal government and the states. The federal government was separated among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Each branch was provided with checks and balances on the other branches. The Bill of Rights, the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, recognized that people had basic rights that the government must protect.

Equality for All? Women? Slaves? Full legal and political rights were granted only to men of property

Worldwide Influence Revolutions Followed on Both Sides of the Atlantic The French Revolution in 1789 as the First Anti-Monarchical Revolution The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) as the First Slave Revolution. Latin American Wars of Independence

The French Revolution Three Estates and Fiscal Crisis Clergy Nobility Commoners Declaration of the Rights of Man The Terror and Robespierre (1793-1794) Napoleon’s Empire

Revolution in Saint Domingue (Haiti) Saint Domingue Society White French Settlers Gens de Couleur Slaves Slave Revolt Toussaint L’Ouverture (1744-1803) Independence (1803) and the Republic of Haiti (1804) The Abolition of Slavery in The Atlantic Worlld

Industrial Revolution Causes Population Growth Agricultural Developments (Enclosure) Technology and Innovation Why England? Capital The State Transportation

First Phase: Textile (1760s-1830s) Second Phase: Iron, Steel and Heavy Industry (1830s +) Organization of Production Division of Industrial Population into Capitalist employers and workers Production in Factory Domination of all aspects of life by the capitalists’ pursuit of profit

Industrial Revolution: The Human Results England: Workshop of the World At what cost? Who benefited most? Aristocracy? Bourgeoisie? Working Class? Conditions of Labor

World as the Market Industrialization and the non-Industrialized World International Division of Labor

How Imperialism Functioned: Six Regions Middle East South Asia (India) China Africa Latin America Indian and Pacific Ocean (Indonesia, Philippines, etc.)

Imperialism by Free Trade (1820s-1870s) Colonialism or Direct Domination (1878-1914)

The Middle East The Middle East in World Economy Capitulations Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Question Egypt and Suez Canal (1869)

India Under British Rule Company Rule (East India Company) 1780s – 1857 Sepoy Rebellion (1857) British Imperial Rule (1857-1947)

China: The Central Kingdom The Perils of Superiority “One way or another”: Opium The Opium War (1839-1842) The Treaty of Nanking – 1842 Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) Carving China: Open Door Policy

Africa Abolition of Slave Trade and its Effects Africa in World Economy The Berlin Conference (1884-1885) The Scramble for Africa

New Imperial Powers: US and Japan US in Latin America and the Pacific Monroe Doctrine (1823) Imperial Japan The Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

Legacies of Imperialism Rise in Global Trade Labor Migrations Domination vs Resistance Scientific Racism Nationalism Mono-crop Agriculture

World War I Causes? Sides Fronts Triple Entente Central Powers Western Front Eastern Front East Asia and the Pacific Sub-saharan Africa

Secret Agreements – Booking-in-Advance Constantinople Agreement (1915) Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) Balfour Declaration (1917) - Sheik Huseyin-McMahon Correspondence (1915) Russian Revolution (1917) Brest-Litovsk Agreement (1918) US Intervention and the Collapse of Central Powers

Post-war Settlement The Paris Settlement The Peace Treaties Treaty of Versailles (1919) (Germany) Treaty of Saint-German (Austria-Hungary) Treaty of Sevres (The Ottoman Empire) The League of Nations Self-Determination and Mandate System