Bellringer Explain the saying, “When France sneezes, Europe gets a cold.”

Anatomy of a Revolution American & French Revolution

FEVER MODEL OF REVOLUTION Breaks Much like an illness, revolutions can also be studied in stages

Anatomy of a Revolution: a Model Developed by Crane Brinton Borrowed from pathology. Compares a revolution to a disease: Problems fester without being addressed; revolutionary ideas “incubate” Revolutionary “fever” begins with the appearance of certain “symptoms” manifest. Proceeds but quickly retreats to a crisis stage, or “delirium.” Crisis ends when the “fever” breaks. Recovery follows, but interrupted by a relapse before complete.

Problems fester without being addressed; revolutionary ideas “incubate” Long-Term Causes: People from all social classes are discontented. People feel restless and held down by unacceptable restrictions in society, religion, the economy or the govt. People are hopeful about the future, but they are being forced to accept less than they had hoped for. The scholars and thinkers give up on the way their society operates. The government does not or cannot respond to the needs of its society. in France?

Revolutionary “fever” begins with the appearance of certain “symptoms” manifest Short-Term Causes / Initial Stage: Impossible demands made of government which, if granted, would mean its end. Unsuccessful government attempts to suppress demands. Revolutionaries gain power and seem united. The moderates gain the leadership but fail to satisfy those who insist on further changes. in France?

Proceeds but quickly retreats to a crisis stage, or “delirium.” Radical Phase: Once in power, revolutionaries begin to quarrel among themselves, and unity begins to dissolve. Power is gained by progressively more radical groups until finally a lunatic fringe gains almost complete control. The extremists try to create a “heaven-on-earth” by introducing their whole program and by punishing all of their opponents. in France?

Crisis ends when the “fever” breaks A strong man emerges and assumes great power. Moderate groups regain power. in France?

Recovery follows Results: Relapse interrupts recovery. Were the original goals of the revolution achieved? Did the ideals of the revolution change as its leadership changed? Which social groups gained the most? How was the old regime changed as a result? in France?

French problems fester without being addressed; revolutionary ideas “incubate” Long-Term Causes: Enlightenment thinkers urged the need to limit the powers of the Catholic church, aristocracy, & monarchy Rigid class structure of 3 estates Middle-class business & merchants with increased wealth questioned aristocratic privilege and unequal taxes Poorer members of 3rd Estate faced increasingly harsh conditions & tax burden while nobility led lavish lives, which led for calls for freedom from landlord demands The French treasury was depleted due to spending on Seven Years War & American Revolution Return

French Revolution begins with “fever” & the appearance of “symptoms” Short-Term Causes / Initial Stage: Bad harvests in 1787 & 1788 and slowdown in manufacturing led to food shortages, rising prices, & unemployment Near collapse of French budget led to calling of Estates General In 1789, issue of tax reform & unequal representation led 3rd Estate to form National Assembly Street rioters storm Bastille & Assembly adopted Declaration of the Rights of Man Natural & individual rights of freedom of religion, freedom of press, equality before law Manorialism abolished & records seized; aristocratic & Church property seized Constitutional monarchy established with strong parliament: property-owning men eligible to vote Return

French Revolution proceeds but quickly retreats to a crisis stage, or “delirium.” Radical Phase: Political radicals want more reform; King detested loss of absolute power; Fear spreads of war w/ Austria & Prussia Radicals & Robespierre seize power Monarchy ended; new constitution w/ universal male suffrage Reign of Terror & guillotine Metric system created; new calendar w/ 10-day weeks; universal military conscription; De-Christianization as churches turned into “temples of reason” Return

French crisis ends when the “fever” breaks Robespierre executed & a more moderate Directory took power New constitution with two house legislature; universal male suffrage ended in favor of property owning electors Napoleon rose to power to preserve moderate reforms & rely on military during war Republic turned into authoritarian empire; freedom of expression limited, but Napoleonic Code confirmed religious freedom, trained bureaucracy, centralized system of schooling Return

French recovery follows Results: System of 3 estates ended Middle-class liberals triumphed over aristocracy Revolutionary legislation & nationalist feelings spread throughout Europe Congress of Vienna promoted a balance of power b/t nations & maintain monarchical power Spectrum of political ideas: conservative, liberal, radical Revolutions of 1848 push to achieve fuller social reforms Liberals consolidated authority; serfdom abolished throughout W. Europe; class system based on wealth rather than birth; universal male suffrage re-instituted in France

American Revolution Which stage does each development represent? French-Indian War Stamp Act Thomas Paine & Patrick Henry Boston Massacre Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation Shay’s Rebellion Constitution & Bill of Rights George Washington Alien & Sedition Acts “Revolution” of 1800

Western Europe 1750-1850 Enlightenment ideas spread French Revolution Congress of Vienna Rise of liberals, radicals Rise of nationalism 1848 Revolutions End of serfdom & feudal classes 1850-1914 Consolidation of liberal ideas of gov’t Unification of Italy Unification of Germany Intensification of nationalism Growth of socialism as a political force New government functions support education, welfare programs, etc