Chapter 3: Biochemistry Essential Question: How does function depend on structure?

I. Carbon Compounds A. Organic compounds: contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other carbon atoms and to other atoms 1. Carbon atoms have 4 positions for bonding to 4 other atoms 2. Results in a huge variety of compounds

B. Functional groups: clusters of atoms that influence the properties of the molecule 1. Alcohol: OH is attached to carbon and makes the molecule polar 2. Some alcohols are needed by organisms to carry out their life processes

C. Large carbon molecules 1. Monomers: small, simple molecules 2. Polymer: repeated, linked units Polymers 3. Macromolecules: large polymers Macromolecule

4. Condensation reaction: monomers link and water is produced 5 4. Condensation reaction: monomers link and water is produced 5. Hydrolysis: using water to break the bonds of complex molecules

6. ATP (adenosine triphosphate): compound with a large amount of energy a) covalent bond breaks and energy is released b) energy is used by the cell to drive chemical reactions

ATP Section 8-1 Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups Go to Section:

Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery Section 8-1 ADP ATP Energy Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery Go to Section:

Concept Map Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Section 2-3 Carbon Compounds include Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids which contain which contain which contain which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, Go to Section:

II. Molecules of Life A. Carbohydrates: Function: organic compounds composed of C, H, and O and it stores energy 1. Monosaccharides: monomer: simple sugar a) Examples: glucose, fructose, and galactose b) Isomers: same chemical formula but different shapes

2. Disaccharide: double sugar 3. Polysaccharide: complex molecule composed of 3 or more monosaccharides Examples: a) starch: in plants, glucose is linked together b) glycogen: in animals, glucose is linked together

B. Proteins: Organic compounds composed of C,H, O, and N and it makes up skin and muscles, and controls rates of reactions 1. Amino Acids: Monomer- 20 building blocks of proteins a) Central C with COOH group, NH2 group, H, and one other functional group b) Differences give different shapes which lead to different functions

Amino Acids General structure Alanine Serine Section 2-3 Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine Go to Section:

A Protein Section 2-3 Amino acids Go to Section:

2. Peptide bond: two amino acids form a covalent bond a) dipeptide: two amino acids b) polypeptide: long chain of amino acids that form proteins Proteins

3. Enzymes (catalysts): speed up the reaction a) Substrate: reactant being catalyzed b) Enzyme and substrate have shapes that allow them to fit together Enzyme action

C. Lipids: Function: Large, nonpolar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water and it stores energy efficiently and makes up cell membranes 1. Fatty acids-monomer: unbranched carbon chain

a) two ends of the chain are very different b) hydrophilic: water loving c) hydrophobic: water fearing 2. Complex lipid examples a) triglyceride: three molecules of fatty acid joined to glycerol (animal fat)

b) phospholipids: two fatty acids joined to glycerol ( cell membrane) c) wax: long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain 3. Steroids: four fused carbon rings with different functional groups a) Examples: testosterone and cholesterol Lipids

D. Nucleic Acids: Function: Large and complex molecules that store genetic information in the cell 1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): contains all the information for almost all cell activities 2. RNA (ribonucleic acid): stores and transfers information needed for making proteins 3. Nucleotides- linked monomers made up of three parts a) phosphate group b) sugar c) nitrogen base Nucleic acid

Concept Map Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Section 2-3 Carbon Compounds include Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids which contain which contain which contain which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, Go to Section:

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