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Science Log Week 10 Q 3 Monday 3/13: A mechanic wants to know if the density of the motor oil has any effect on the gas mileage a car gets. *What is the independent/manipulated variable? *What is the dependent/responding variable? *How would the mechanic find the density of the oil? (write only the three starred questions) Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

9. Larkey traits Is there variation in the yammer of larkeys? Yes Why do you think there is variation? Where do larkeys get their traits? From their parents What is the next generation going to look like? Similar to but not exactly like the parents. Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

Heredity Earlier we looked at a yammer of larkeys and identified similarities and differences the larkeys have. Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

Heredity How were all the larkeys similar? How were they different? They all have legs, eyes, ears, fur and tails. How were they different? They have different fur patterns, tail shape, eye color and leg length. Where do they get their traits? From their parents. Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits Step 10

Heredity One important thing we know about life is that offspring grow up to look pretty much like their parents. This has been known for a very long time. Because offspring look like their parents, it stands to reason that the information that directs development is passed from the parents to the offspring---from one generation to the next. Passing genetic information from one generation to the next is called heredity. You inherited information from your biological parents, larkeys inherit genetic information from their biological parents, and the same is true of every other living thing on Earth. Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

View slide show Heredity Write the names in the columns with numbers Column on the right is for notes. Notebook sheet 8, Heredity Slide Show page 76 Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits Step 11

Slide 5 Write Cell in box 1 In the notes column write Every cell in an organism carries identical information, the organism’s genome. This means that skin cells, and cells in the nervous system, digestive system, and all organ systems, carry the same genetic code. Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

Slide 6 In 2 Nucleus Cell’s genetic information is stored in the nucleus. Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

Slide 7 number 3 A cell’s genetic information is stored in structures called chromosomes. These are the chromosomes from one human cells nucleus. They were removed from the nucleus when the sample was taken. Remember that a cell is microscopic. Most human cells are about 20 um (micrometers) in diameter; five cells would fit across a human hair. A nucleus is even smaller. Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

Slide 7 number 3 How big do you think chromosomes are? They have to be small to fit in the nucleus of a cell. We will find out how big they are in just a minute, but first lets think about where they come from. Slide 8, In sexually reproducing organisms, one chromosome in each pair comes from each biological parent. Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

Slide 9 How many pairs of chromosomes do you think fruit flies have? Four How many do you think dogs have? Dogs have 39 pairs of chromosomes. Compare your notes, you should have Chromosomes store genetic information and come in pairs, one from each parent. Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

Slide 10 DNA in box 4 Chromosomes are made up of DNA, “the molecule of life.” DNA is shorthand for the actual name of the molecule, deoxyribonucleic. DNA is made of two connected strands that coil around each other like a twisted ladder. We call this strand a double helix. The actual structure of the DNA molecule was discovered in the 1950s when James Watson (1928-) and Francis Crik (1916-2004) used information from other scientists to put together a model of molecule. They won the Nobel Prize for their efforts. Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

Slide 11 Hold your hands about 9 cm apart. Imagine stuffing 9 cm of anything into a human cell, which is microscopic. Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

Slide 12 How many chromosomes are in one cell? 23 pairs; 23 x 2 = 46 If there are 46 chromosomes, and one DNA molecule makes up one chromosome how many molecules of DNA are there? 46 Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

Slide 12 Use an average of 5 cm for a molecule of DNA to get a ballpark figure. If you placed all the molecules of DNA (average 5 cm) in one cell end-to-end, how long would the DNA in one cell be? 46 (5) = 230 cm about 2 m Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

Slide 12 string How do you think something 2 m long an fit into a cell? DNA is tightly coiled up, and up on itself in order to take up a much smaller space. Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

Slide 14 The recipe book includes ALL the genetic information in ALL the DNA in ALL the chromosomes in a cell. Add recipe book to your information on DNA Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

Slide 15 The cells in our body are made of molecules such as water, fats,, sugars, and proteins. Each recipe in our DNA has specific instructions to make one specific protein molecule. You will learn much more about the actual process in high school. Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

Slide 16 Proteins play a key role in the way we look, the way we grow, and the way our body works. Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

Slide 17 Write Protein in box 5 Notes, DNA “recipes” are the instructions for how to make proteins. Proteins are very important. Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

Slide 18 DNA carries the recipes to make proteins. Each recipe is a gene. Each gene gives the instructions for how to make one specific protein. Write “gene” in box 6 Notes that a gene is a recipe to make one protein. Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

Slide 20 It would seem hat the more genes an organism has, the more proteins it can make, and therefore the more complex the organism can be. But such is not the case. Some organisms have many “leftover” genes from their evolutionary history that aren’t in use anymore. Some human genes seem to have come from other organisms, including bacteria and viruses! Remember chromosomes come in pairs. Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

Slide 21 How many copies of each gene do most organisms have? Two Where does each copy come from? One comes from the chromosome of the mother and one comes from the chromosome of the father. Each copy or version f a specific gene that we have is called an allele. Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

Slide 22 Write “Allele” in the final box Notes each copy of a gene is called allele. We are going to return to our larkeys to see how alleles determine traits. Heredity and Adaptation Course, 2.2: Inheriting Traits

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