Road to Reformation Part 1 Church History Road to Reformation Part 1 © John Stevenson, 2016

A Timeline of Church History 1000 1 500 1500 2000 The Ancient Church The Medieval Church The Reformed Church Early Middle Ages High Middle Ages Late Middle Ages

Early Middle Ages High Middle Ages Late Middle Ages 500 - 1000 1000 - 1300 1300 - 1500 Gradual population growth Rapid population growth Population decline Climate Change Little Ice Age Warm Period

Early Middle Ages High Middle Ages Late Middle Ages 500 - 1000 1000 - 1300 1300 - 1500 Gradual population growth Rapid population growth Population decline Barbarian invasions Crusades Formation of nation states Romanesque architecture Gothic architecture Gothic & Renaissance architecture

Romanesque

Gothic

Renaissance

A monastery without a library is like a fortress without arms -- Old Medieval Proverb

What is Medieval Scholasticism?

Monastic Studies Scholasticism Contemplative and literary Argumentative and logical How to I live? What is basis for beliefs? Accepted the authority of the abbot Questioned various opinions

Monastic Studies Scholasticism Ancient texts are authoritative Faith is necessary to understanding

Anselm of Canterbury Archbishop of Canterbury 1033-1109 Archbishop of Canterbury Philosopher and theologian Ontological argument for the existence of God

Anselm of Canterbury 1033-1109 “I do not try to understand in order to believe; I believe in order to understand”

Anselm’s Reasoning for God God is the greatest thing we can imagine If God only exists in our thoughts, then there is a greater quality we could attribute to Him ― that of existence Therefore we would be able to conceive of a Being greater than He really is But since that is absurd, then God must really exist

Peter Abelard French philosopher / theologian Arrogant 1079 - 1142 French philosopher / theologian Arrogant Established his own school Wrote Sic et non (“Yes and no”) Tutor to Heloise d’Argenteuil Affair

Peter Abelard Castration Monastery of St. Denys 1079 - 1142 Castration Monastery of St. Denys Wrote Ethica: Internal versus external sins Excommunicated Accused of modalism & Pelagianism Bernard of Clairvaux

Peter Abelard Restoration 1079 - 1142 Monastery of Cluny Buried alongside Heloise

Peter Abelard 1079 - 1142 “For through doubting we come to inquiry, and through inquiry we perceive the truth according to Truth himself.”

Anselm Abelard I believe in order to understand I doubt in order to understand The debt of sin is so great that only God could pay it. This is why it was necessary for God to become man God brought about the atonement through the incarnation to show His great love for us Legal Theology Moral Theology

Anselm Abelard Christ’s death upon the cross was a substitutionary atonement as He paid the penalty of the curse of the law on my behalf Christ’s death on the cross was a demonstration of divine love that calls us to live a life of moral obedience to God

Anselm Abelard Lutherans Calvinists Arminians Wesleyans Amyraldians Socinians Unitarians Religious Liberals

Thomas Aquinas Dominican theologian & scholar The “Dumb Ox” 1225-1275 Dominican theologian & scholar The “Dumb Ox” Brought Aristotelian Logic to Christianity Summa Theologica: A systematic theology

Metaphysical philosophy Plato Aristotle The world we see with our senses is only a shadowy incomplete version of the truth We make systematic observation and analysis to form logical statements about the world Metaphysical philosophy Scientific method Anselm & Augustine Aquinas

Plato Aristotle Focused on what is important, even if it is not necessarily true Focused on what is true, even if it is not necessarily important

Knowledge of God’s existence Thomas Aquinas 1225-1275 God’s Existence Proven by reason Known by faith Knowledge of God’s existence Full knowledge of God

Five Ways Thomas Aquinas Argument from Motion Argument from Efficient Cause Argument from Possibility and Necessity Argument from Graduation of Being Argument from Design

Thomas Aquinas 1225-1275 Whatever is in motion must be put in motion by another. If that by which it is put in motion be itself put in motion, then this also must needs be put in motion by another, and that by another again… (Summa Theologica).

Thomas Aquinas 1225-1275 But this cannot go on to infinity, because then there would be no first mover, and, consequently, no other mover; seeing that subsequent movers move only inasmuch as they are put in motion by the first mover; as the staff moves only because it is put in motion by the hand… (Summa Theologica).

Thomas Aquinas 1225-1275 Therefore it is necessary to arrive at a first mover, put in motion by no other; and this everyone understands to be God (Summa Theologica).

Thomas Aquinas 1225-1275 Those truths are self-evident which are recognized at once, as soon as the terms in which they are expressed are known. Such a truth is the assertion that God exists: for by the name ‘God’ we understand something greater than which nothing can be thought… Summa contra gentiles 1:10

Summa contra gentiles 1:10. Thomas Aquinas 1225-1275 This notion is formed in the understanding by whoever hears and understands the name 'God,' so that God must already exist at least in the mind… Summa contra gentiles 1:10.

Thomas Aquinas 1225-1275 Now He cannot exist in the mind only: for what is in the mind and in reality is greater than that which is in the mind only; but nothing is greater than God, as the very meaning of the name shows: it follows that the existence of God is a self evident truth, being evidenced by the mere meaning of the name. Summa contra gentiles 1:10

Thomas Aquinas To one who has faith, no explanation is necessary. 1225-1275 To one who has faith, no explanation is necessary. To one without faith, no explanation is possible.

Augustine Aquinas The state and politics are a consequence of original sin The state and politics are a part of the natural order Predestination: Because of original sin, man is dependent upon the power of grace for salvation Predestination: Men have to cooperate with divine grace and exercise it in order to be saved

Man can know about God by observing the natural world Augustine Aquinas Man cannot know anything about God unless he receives revelation from God Man can know about God by observing the natural world

Thomas Aquinas 1225-1275 Redemption A man merits an increase of grace by each meritorious action Merit More Grace Progressive Justification Merit Grace from God Man cannot merit the first grace John D. Hannah

Thomas Aquinas Treasury of Merit ! ! ! Christ Purchased 1225-1275 The Church ! Christ Purchased John D. Hannah

Thomas Aquinas Steps to Salvation The End The Result The Beginning Reward of eternal life as a just due The Beginning Moral cooperation: Doing the best one can with the aid of grace The gratuitous infusion of grace John D. Hannah

Magna Carta Marco Polo 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 4th Crusade 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 4th Crusade 1st Crusade 3rd Crusade 2nd Crusade Aquinas Anselm Peter Waldo Abelard Genghis Khan

What is the difference between Christendom versus Christianity?

What do the cathedrals tell us about medieval Christianity?

What do the cathedrals tell us about medieval Christianity?

Higher Monastic Schools Education Cathedrals University

University First universities at Paris and Bologna around 1200 No physical campus Collection of students and teachers Negotiated with local towns to have university University could move if concessions not granted University of Paris run by teachers Specialty in theology

University University of Bolonga run by students Specialty in law Teachers paid directly by students

University Faculty of Arts Student Law Mathematics Astronomy Music Theory Grammar Logic Rhetoric Law Student Theology Medicine John D. Hannah

University All university students were given clerical status Could only be tried by clerical courts Penalty for striking a student was excommunication Disruptive influence in towns Women not permitted to universities

Scholasticism Humanism (1100 – 1300) (1300 – 1500) Major area of study: Theology Science, medicine, theology Questions: Answered in Theology No resolution necessary Truth: Church-based Nostalgic, free, challenging Focus: Otherworldly Practical, immediate John D. Hannah