Effect of diagnostic hydrodistension and four intravesical hyaluronic acid instillations on bladder ICAM-1 intensity and association of ICAM-1 intensity with clinical response in patients with interstitial cystitis  Mikael Leppilahti, Pekka Hellström, Teuvo L.J Tammela  Urology  Volume 60, Issue 1, Pages 46-51 (July 2002) DOI: 10.1016/S0090-4295(02)01613-8

FIGURE 1 Examples of ICAM-1 expression. Patient 1 had extensive lymphocyte infiltrations that stained brightly positive with an anti-ICAM-1 antibody, and the vasculature of the sample expressed a low to moderate level of ICAM-1. (A) Most lymphocytes in the area of lymphocytic infiltration (L) were ICAM-1 positive (brown staining); only one moderately ICAM-1 positive vessel is seen in the field (arrow). Original magnification ×400. (B) However, the sample contained several vessels, as can be seen using anti-factor VIII staining. Original magnification ×100. (C) Negative control staining using a class-matched negative control antibody. Original magnification ×100. (D) Patient 2 had several ICAM-1 positive vessels evincing moderate to strong expression (arrow). Original magnification ×200. (E) Negative control staining. The dark spots seen in particular in the samples from patient 1 were mast cells that stained positively because of their endogenous peroxidase. Original magnification ×200. Urology 2002 60, 46-51DOI: (10.1016/S0090-4295(02)01613-8)

FIGURE 2 Extravasation of leukocytes from the blood is controlled by sophisticated interactions between lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 receptors on leukocytes and their corresponding endothelial cell ligands (ICAM-1). By blocking ICAM-1 receptors, HA can prevent penetration. Interactions between leukocytes is also mediated by lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1/ICAM-1 ligands. Urology 2002 60, 46-51DOI: (10.1016/S0090-4295(02)01613-8)