The Making of Middle English Letters and Literature

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Presentation transcript:

The Making of Middle English Letters and Literature Moving from the Manuscript to the Printed Book November 12, 2002

Medieval Manuscripts Manuscripts mostly assembled in monastic or royal scriptoria (writing houses). Entirely handmade in England before 1470. Made of vellum (parchment) and assembled into a codex.

Making the Manuscript Step One: Step Two: Step Three: Step Four: Kill a sheep Skin the sheep Stretch the sheepskin Scrape the sheepskin Step Two: Rule the pages Step Three: Make the pen (repeat) Step Four: Make the ink and the adhesive

Types of Manuscripts Illuminated manuscripts The quintessential “medieval manuscript” in the popular consciousness. Luxury items, usually for ritual or devotional use. Almost always devotional in nature. Exceptionally expensive.

Secular Manuscripts Most manuscripts of secular topics (literature, law, history) were still produced in monastic facilities until the 1400s. Some literature (for example, Chaucer) was produced privately, but only with royal patronage.

Middle English Manuscripts Manuscripts in Middle English become more and more luxury items for the aristocracy and the wealthy, urban middle class. Chaucer’s Ellesmere Manuscript, housed at the Huntington Library

Civic Manuscripts English manuscripts become more and more important as civic documents, because of the royal chancery.

Early Printed Books Composed to imitate manuscripts. Used similar “fonts” or scripts. Used parchment as well. Imported to England with William Caxton in 1470.

Emergence of a Standard Dialect Languages of English court become Latin and English by 1417. London (with some modifications) became the prestige dialect by Chaucer’s time (c. 1380). East Midland in character Main dialect for the wool trade Oxford and Cambridge became more and more influential. Chancery begins to draw young men from all over England who want to advance their social position.

Chancery English Chancery the scribal house for the English court. Recorded all official documents from the reign of Henry V onward (from 1417). Based on the dialect of London with admixture of other, more northern forms. Becomes the standard dialect for English printing.