The Endocrine System 8 Lesson 8.1: Functions and Control of the Endocrine System Lesson 8.2: Major Endocrine Organs Lesson 8.3: Endocrine Disorders and Diseases

Functions and Control of the Endocrine System Chapter 8: The Endocrine System Lesson 8.1 Functions and Control of the Endocrine System

Do Now Grab your folders. Begin working on your “Learning the Key Terms” worksheet. Chapter 8 Lesson 1 begins on page 268. You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet. Turn in the worksheet to Mr. B when you are finished.

Today’s Objectives Explain how the endocrine and nervous systems work together to regulate bodily functions. Describe the basic anatomy of the endocrine system. Describe the functions of hormones, and explain how hormones move through the body. Identify the two classifications of hormones. Explain how hormones help maintain homeostasis.

What We’re Covering Today: Functions and Control of the Endocrine System anatomy of the endocrine system The endocrine system controls and monitors organs, glands, and processes in the body. The endocrine system uses hormones that first collect information and then stimulate organs, glands, and tissues. hormones hormone secretion control

Anatomy of the Endocrine System The endocrine system is a collection of organs and small glands that directly or indirectly influence all the functions of the body. Endocrine glands Endocrine glands are ductless glands “Endo” – meaning within or in – so they secrete substances internally. Hormones – chemical messengers These hormones are secreted directly into bloodstream Examples: hypothalamus, pancreas, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland, testes, and ovaries.

Exocrine glands Gland that secrete externally Secrete hormones through a duct that are carried to the body’s surface or to other organs. Examples: sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, lacrimal glands, pancreas glands.

Hormones Hormones are responsible for many different feelings and drives. Think about when you are hungry or thirsty? What controls those feelings? 2 Classifications of Hormones steroid hormones–lipid-based amino acid hormones–protein-based Most steroids are amino acid based

Hormone receptors Hormones are transported throughout the body by the blood. Hormones only affect the tissues and organs that have receptors specific to those particular hormones. When the hormone binds with its receptor, the hormone is able to influence the activity of the cell. Upregulated–increased Example: Exercise upregulates insulin receptors to make them more sensitive to insulin. Downregulated–decreased

Hormone Secretion Control Endocrine glands are regulated in three different ways: neural control epinephrine hormonal control hypothalamic-releasing hormone humoral control glucagon

Neural Control Nerve fibers stimulate the endocrine organs to release hormones. Fight-or-Flight Response: The Sympathetic Nervous System stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones prime the body to fight or flee from a stressful situation.

Hormonal control Hormonal control of the endocrine glands and organs is achieved by a hierarchy, or chain of command. Endocrine organs are stimulated by hormones from other endocrine organs, starting with the hypothalamus.

Example of Hormone Control Think of the hypothalamus as the president of a company. The pituitary gland is the vice president. The other glands serve as managers. As the president, the hypothalamus directs the activities of the pituitary gland (VP). The pituitary gland then releases its many hormones to direct the “managers”. The hormones from the “managers” have an end goal to stimulate target tissues. Once the goal is achieved, the hypothalamus (Pres) and the pituitary gland (VP) receive messages from the managers to turn off the release of hormones.

Hormone Secretion Control

Humoral Control Achieved by monitoring the levels of various substances in body fluids, such as the blood. If a homeostatic imbalance is detected, corrective actions are undertaken to help the body regain homeostasis.

Hormones and Homeostasis Remember homeostasis is functional balance. negative feedback mechanism that reverses a condition that has exceeded the normal homeostatic range to restore homeostasis

The Hypothalamus helps regulates body temperature

Review and Assessment True or False? 1. Endocrine glands secrete hormones. 2. Endocrine glands have ducts. 3. Steroid hormones are proteins. 4. Hormone receptors can only be upregulated. 5. Glucagon is under humoral control.

Major Endocrine Organs Chapter 8: The Endocrine System Lesson 8.2 Major Endocrine Organs

Major Endocrine Organs

The Hypothalamus helps regulate metabolism heart rate energy level body temperature thirst

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary prolactin (PRO) growth of mammary glands milk production in a nursing mother growth hormone (GH) growth of bone and muscles

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release of T4 and T3 from thyroid gland

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in females estrogen production egg production in males sperm production luteinizing hormone (LH) ovulation testosterone

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary antidiuretic hormone acts on kidney, decreases urine output oxytocin acts on uterus, causes contractions acts on breast, causes secretion of milk

Major Endocrine Glands thyroid gland thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3 controls rate of metabolism calcitonin removes calcium from blood, puts into bones parathyroid gland parathyroid hormone removes calcium from bones, puts into blood

Major Endocrine Glands thymus gland thymosin development of immune system pineal gland melatonin produces sleepiness

Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

Adrenal Glands adrenal medulla adrenal cortex epinephrine and norepinephrine adrenaline rush adrenal cortex mineralocorticoids aldosterone sodium and water reabsorbed in kidneys glucocorticoids cortisone and cortisol promote gluconeogenesis sex hormones estrogen and androgens maintains sexual characteristics

Adrenal Glands

Pancreas islets of Langerhans alpha cells beta cells glucagon increase blood glucose level beta cells insulin decrease blood glucose level

Gonads testes ovaries testosterone estrogen sperm production secondary sexual characteristics progesterone menstrual cycle

Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: ADH, thyroxine, thymosin, or adrenal cortex. 1. The thymus gland produces _______________. 2. The posterior pituitary gland produces oxytocin and _______________. 3. Mineralocorticoids are produced by the _______________. 4. T4 is also called _______________.

Endocrine Disorders and Diseases Chapter 8: The Endocrine System Lesson 8.3 Endocrine Disorders and Diseases

Endocrine Disorders and Diseases pituitary disorders thyroid disorders disorders of the parathyroid gland adrenal medulla disorders disorders of the adrenal cortex the pancreas and diabetes mellitus

Pituitary Disorders hyperfunction hypofunction acromegaly, or gigantism hypofunction dwarfism diabetes insipidus

Thyroid Disorders hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism goiter Graves disease myxedema neonatal hypothyroidism

Endocrine Disorders and Diseases disorders of the parathyroid gland hypercalcemia hypocalcemia adrenal medulla disorders pheochromcytoma

Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex Cushing syndrome hypersecretion of cortisol Addison’s disease hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones

The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus symptoms of diabetes mellitus polyuria excessive urination polydipsia excessive thirst polyphagia increased hunger

The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus type I diabetes mellitus juvenile-onset type II diabetes mellitus adult-onset insulin resistance hyperglycemia

Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: dwarfism, Cushing syndrome, goiter, polyuria. 1. a result of pituitary hypofunction 2. excessive urination 3. hypersecretion of cortisol 4. a result of hyperthyroidism