Professional Ethics Theories, Models, Practices, and Standards Sarah Woodside and Bill Heinrich CRE/RM/CPC Training 2008

Agenda Purpose/Introduction (5 min) Ethical Rank Order Exercise as individuals, small groups and large group (40 min) Examples of Theories, Models, and Standards (15 min)

Goals and Intentions Participants will… Practice and discuss ethical decision making Explore the process of decision making Recognize interactions of multiple personal and professional values in making decisions

Ethics Rank Order Exercise Do on own first (10 min) Come to consensus with small group of 5 people (15 min) Large Group Discussion (15 min) Outside Influences/Own Experience? Rules/Laws/Regulations? You decide.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Statement of Ethical Values Members of the University of California community are committed to the highest ethical standards in furtherance of our mission of teaching, research and public service. We recognize that we hold the University in trust for the people of the State of California. Our policies, procedures, and standards provide guidance for application of the ethical values stated below in our daily life and work as members of this community. We are committed to: Integrity. We will conduct ourselves with integrity in our dealings with and on behalf of the University. Excellence. We will conscientiously strive for excellence in our work. Accountability. We will be accountable as individuals and as members of this community for our ethical conduct and for compliance with applicable laws and University policies and directives. Respect. We will respect the rights and dignity of others.

UC Standards Fair Dealing Individual Responsibility and Accountability Respect for Others Compliance with Applicable Laws and Regulations Compliance with Applicable University Policies, Procedures and other forms of guidance Conflicts of Interest or Commitment

UC Standards Continued… Ethical Conduct of Research Records: Confidentiality/ Privacy and Access Internal Controls Use of University Resources Financial Reporting Reporting Violations and Protection from Retaliation

UCSC Principles of Community The University of California, Santa Cruz is committed to promoting and protecting an environment that values and supports every person in an atmosphere of civility, honesty, cooperation, professionalism and fairness. UCSC expects that every campus member will practice these Principles of Community. We strive to be: * Diverse: We embrace diversity in all its forms and we strive for an inclusive community that fosters an open, enlightened and productive environment. * Open: We believe free exchange of ideas requires mutual respect and consideration for our differences. * Purposeful: We are a participatory community united by shared commitments to: service to society; preservation and advancement of knowledge; and innovative teaching and learning.

UCSC Principles of Community Continued… * Caring: We promote mutual respect, trust and support to foster bonds that strengthen the community. * Just: We are committed to due process, respect for individual dignity and equitable access to resources, recognition and rewards. * Disciplined: We seek to advance common goals through reasonable and realistic practices, procedures and expectations. * Celebrative: We celebrate the heritage, achievements and diversity of the community and the uniqueness and contributions of our members. We accept the responsibility to pursue these principles in an atmosphere of personal and intellectual freedom, security, respect, civility and mutual support.

Crown College Community Ethics Crown College is a diverse community of students, faculty and staff dedicated to the pursuit of knowledge in an atmosphere of open discussion and mutual respect. In the embracing of this diversity, we find stimulation, freedom, and strength. Freedom to express one’s opinions and beliefs is of the utmost importance. We respect friendship, honesty, community, individual freedom, individual responsibility and academic integrity. Individual freedom in a community requires respect for one another as well as for the beauty of the college and the campus. Academic integrity fosters a positive learning environment and is essential to the functioning of the university. Responsibility for personal actions, regardless of circumstances, is required of every member of our community.

Ethic of Care Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Judgment Conflict between Self and Others Level One: Centered on Self: Transition is Selfishness to Responsibility Level Two: Goodness as Self Sacrifice: Transition is Goodness to Truth Level Three: Care as Universal Obligation: Transition is Self and Others Independent

Ethic of Justice Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Growth 1. Pre-Conventional Level Punishment and Obedience Orientation Instrumental-Relativist Orientation 2. Conventional Level Interpersonal Concordance Orientation Law and Order Orientation 3. Post-Conventional Level Social Contract, Legalistic Orientation Universal-Ethical-Principle Orientation (Smith, 1978)

Five Ethical Principles Respect Autonomy It is assumed that individuals have the right to decide how they live their lives, as long as their actions do not interfere with the welfare of others. One, therefore, has the right to act as a free agent, and has freedom of thought and choice. Do No Harm The obligation to avoid inflicting either physical or psychological harm on others may be a primary ethical principle. Benefit Others There is an obligation to improve and enhance the welfare of others, even where such enhancements may inconvenience or limit the freedom of the person offering the assistance. Be Just To be just in dealing with others assumes equal treatment of all, to afford each individual his or her due portion, and in general, to observe the golden rule. Be Faithful One should keep promises, tell the truth, be loyal, and maintain respect and civility in human discourse. Only in so far as we sustain faithfulness can we expect to be seen as truly trustworthy. Kitchener, K.S. (1985). Ethical principles and decisions in student affairs. In H.J. Canon and R.D. Brown (Eds.). Applied ethics in student services (pps. 17-20). San Francisco: Jossey Bass, Inc.

Kitchener’s Ethical Principles Karen Kitchener observes that ethical principles are commonly in conflict with each other as we apply them to real-life dilemmas. Consequently, there are no absolutes. Further, no one principle is absolute, and there are times when a higher standard of ethical conduct requires the violation of one or more principles. Nonetheless, Kitchener notes that violating any of these principles -- whether because they are in conflict with each other or because a “higher moral purpose” might be served -- places a strong burden on the individual to provide a rationale for rejecting the principle.

Ethics Check List Is it Legal? Is it balanced? Will I be violating any civil law or institutional policy? Is it balanced? Is it fair to all concerned? Does it promote win/win situations? How will it make me feel about myself? Will I be proud? Would I feel good if my hometown newspaper published my decision? Would I feel good if my family know about my choice? Blanchard, Kenneth and Peale, Norman Vincent (1988). The Power of Ethical Management, page 20. New York: William Morrow Co.

Bell, Book and Candle Test 1 Bell, Book and Candle Test 1. Listen for the bells warning you of an ethical issue. 2. Check to see if there are any laws, regulations or rules which restrict your choices. 3. How will your decision look in the light? Could a reasonable fair-minded person conclude you acted improperly? (Josephson Institute, BOI 2008)

Integrity Model Priorities Action Integrity Values Beliefs Self- Reflection 1 Action Evaluation 2 Integrity Values Decision Making 3 Beliefs Role Modeling 4

REFLECTION Beliefs Values Actions Priorities What messages did you get growing up about yourself or others?   Who did those messages come from (individuals or groups)?    I believe… Based on your beliefs, what standards or principles do you hold for yourself? What do you do (how do you behave) that would demonstrate your values? List the people, activities or things you spend your time (or money) on…

The Golden Rules Confucius: What you do not want done to yourself, do not do unto others. Aristotle: We should behave to other as we wish others to behave to us. Judaism: What you dislike for yourself, do not do to anyone. Hinduism: Do nothing to thy neighbor which though wouldst not have him do to thee thereafter. Islam: No one of you is a believe unless he loves for his brother what we loves for himself. Buddhism: Hurt not others with that which pains thyself. Christianity: Do unto other as you would have them do unto you. Social Justice: Do unto others as they would like to have done unto them.

Jack’s Rule of Thumb “We judge other people by their actions and we judge ourselves by our intent.” --Jack Azzaretto, UCR, Ethics for UC Business Officers