SPECULATION & DEDUCTION IN THE PAST

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SPECULATION & DEDUCTION IN THE PAST 8b lesson - 29th October 20013 SPECULATION & DEDUCTION IN THE PAST

To speculate and make deduction in the past we use the following constructions: MUST - MAY/MIGHT/COULD - CAN'T/COULDN'T + have + past participle As you know must - may/might/could - can't/couldn't are modal verbs and each of them is used for a specific purpose.

must + have + past participle is used to express a certainty that something happened in the past, normally by deduction. For example: "I must have left my mobile phone in the car. It isn't in the house."

may/might/could + have + past participle are used to express deduction about a possibility. For example: "Pete's late. He could/may/might have missed the bus!"

can't/couldn't + have + past participle are used to express past impossibility by deduction. For example: "You can't/couldn't have lost your keys. You used them to open the door"

may have had might have been Here below you can find a very simple exercise. Fill in the spaces. 1) David: "Orson walked straight past me and didn't say "hello". And I'm sure he saw me." June: "He ...................... (may/have) something in his mind or he ....................... (might/be) in a terrible hurry.” may have had might have been

must have got 2) The thieves ...............………. (must/get) into the house through this window. It's broken.

couldn’t have made 3) The thieves .................................... (couldn't/ make) any noise because the neighbours didn't hear them

could have left You ...............................(could/leave) your keys in the kitchen. Look there.

can’t have studied He .................................... (can't/study) much for the exam because he failed horribly.