Eisenhower’s Cold War Policies 13.4

1. New Leadership Many Americans wanted a change in leadership Truman’s foreign policy seemed to be not working Examples? China fell to communism Soviets developed A-bomb American troops fighting another war in Korea Eisenhower won in landslide War hero Organized D-Day invasion

2. Eisenhower’s “New Look” Military power + strong economy = key to winning Cold War “New Look” Large army is expensive Nuclear weapons gave “more bang for the buck” Massive retaliation Small wars could be avoided by threatening to use nuclear weapons Cut military spending from $50 billion to $34 billion Increased nukes from 1,000 to 18,000 in 1961

2. continued Massive Retaliation/More Bang for the Buck, continued… B-52 Bombers Cut round the world speed record in half Flew 12,500 miles from Japan to Spain without refueling ICBM’s – Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles Delivered nuclear weapons more than 3,500 miles

3. Sputnik Crisis Russians place a satellite in orbit (called Sputnik) October 4, 1957 Caused crisis… was America falling behind?! Congress created… NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration Rocket science and space exploration NDEA – National Defense Education Act Education/training in math, science, foreign languages

4. Brinkmanship Threaten nuclear war to keep peace Willingness to go to the edge or “brink” of war to force the other side down How is that like… Playing chicken...

5. Eisenhower Ends Korean War Quietly told the Chinese that the U.S. might continue the Korean War “under circumstances of our own choosing” – a hint at nuclear attack July 1953 armistice signed – no victory, just an end to war DMZ – Demilitarized zone Eisenhower: http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/dwight-d-eisenhower/videos/dwight-eisenhower-leads-america-in-war--peace

6. Using Brinkmanship Taiwan – China began shelling Taiwan and other islands controlled by Chinese nationalists Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles threaten nuclear war to stop China U.S. was going to help Egypt build a dam on the Nile River, but had to withdraw money because of Soviet involvement in Egypt Egypt seized Suez Canal from Anglo-French company that controlled it England and France invade Eisenhower says “If those fellows start something, we may have to hit them—and if necessary with everything in the bucket” Middle Eastern countries begin accepting Soviet aid

7. Fighting Communism Covertly Brinkmanship couldn’t stop communists from staging revolutions in countries Solution: use covert operations led by CIA Developing countries blamed European and American imperialism for their problems

7. continued Iran – CIA organized protests and riots to help the Shah return to power after Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh seemed ready to align Iran with the Soviet Union Guatemala – Jacobo Guzman wins presidential election, begins to align himself with Communism; CIA trains opposition forces and he left office

8. Continuing Tension Stalin died in 1953 Power struggle led to Nikita Khrushchev emerging as new leader Khrushchev made a secret speech attacking Stalin’s policies CIA broadcast the speech in Eastern Europe to undermine Soviet power June 1956 uprisings and riots erupted… Hungarian uprising crushed by Soviet troops