TPP LEARNING ALLIANCE MEETING ON 25 SEPT., 2009 AT TREND’S OFFICE PRESENTATION ON CASE STUDIES ON INNOVATIVE APPROACHES FOR DELIVERING WASH SERVICES By Benedict Tuffuor, TPP

CASES A TOTAL OF NINE CASES WERE SELECTED FOR DETAILED STUDY BASED ON THE INITIAL LIGHT SECTOR STUDIES. SELECTION WAS DONE TO ENSURE SOME GEOGRAPHICAL BALANCE Public-Civil Society Model – DA and WSDB with Hired Professional Staff - The case of Asiakwa and Asesewa, a typical Small Town, in the Eastern Region Public-Civil Society Model – DA and WSDB with Hired Professional Staff - The case of Abokobi and Pantang, a typical Peri-Urban Town, in the Greater Accra Region  Public-Private Partnership - The case of Bekwai, Atebubu and Wassa Akropong Small Towns’ Water Supply – Pilot Towns for PPP in small Towns  Public-Private Partnership - The Case of Tumu Water Supply System  Utility - Community Bulk supply: The case of Savelugu

CASES Tanker Services as an Alternative Model for Delivering Water to the Urban Poor and the Un-served – An evaluation of the Tanker Services Operations in parts of Accra by AVRL Franchise Management in Sanitation Delivery – The case of Management of Public Toilets in Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly (KMA) Multi-Town Water Supply Systems – The case of the Three District Water Supply Scheme Integrated WASH Delivery and Intensive District Capacity Building – The case of PRODICAP Projects in Ejura, Kintampo and Nkoranza PROGRESS: Drafts of the Cases (except the last two) have been produced and reviewed. Drafts of the last two are yet to come out.

SUMMARY OF LESSONS AND KEY ISSUES POST CONSTRUCTION ISSUES Stakeholder Involvement: Adequate and sustainable stakeholder involvement in the pre-intervention, implementation and post-intervention processes is very crucial for the sustainability of the service delivery. At present, post intervention participation is weak. There is limited interface between WSDB, DA and Private Operator, WSDB and the community. Lack of sustainable capacity building for WSDBs: WSDBs are established and trained at the implementation stage of the intervention. On-going refresher capacity building is lacking. An effort implemented by Department of Civil Engineering (KNUST) and Community Development Studies (UCC) could not be sustained after two trainings due to poor patronage and lack of funding. However, the dynamics of the challenging role of the WSDBs can be varied over time. Related to this, is the decreasing membership of the WSDBs over time due to resignations, deaths and transfers of some members. Adequate Capacity Building: When adequate capacity-building and support is given to the management personnel, some level of efficiency and effectiveness is assured

SUMMARY OF LESSONS AND KEY ISSUES POST CONSTRUCTION ISSUES Post Implementation Technical Support: Accessibility to sustained technical support beyond the post project is still an issue. This however, comes with cost which could be high. There is the tendency that the partner with that responsibility may renege on its responsibility in that respect. This requires a check on stakeholders to hold them responsible for costs which fall within their ambit and to avoid the transfer of unnecessary costs to the weaker partner. This may take the form periodic audit of the partnership. The need for a facilitator: Collaboration between the stakeholders, especially the WSDBs and DAs has not been the best. The DAs have not provided the leadership role that is expected but have gotten themselves into power struggle with WSDBs. All the partnerships have face one challenge or the other due to the lack committed leadership. This probably, is due to adequate capacity and experience of the DAs to play the leading role. The proactive monitoring and facilitation by CWSA and advocacy role of the NGO sector would be relevant.

SUMMARY OF LESSONS AND KEY ISSUES TECHNICAL ISSUES Estimation of Demand: One factor that is used to estimate the cost of operation and therefore, tariffs to be paid is per capita consumption. However, this may be affected by the level of dependence on the system by the community. If there is significant reliance on other sources for water, the demand levels will be low and vice-versa. This may lead to low revenue generation. The Capacity of the Supply System: There is obviously a direct relationship between the functionality of a system and its outputs. A good system will likely give a good output, while a defective system is likely to result in poor output. The partnership should ensure that the technical aspects are satisfactory. This means that the treatment, distribution, storage and energy systems must be in adequate conditions for effective and efficient operation. High cost of operation is also not a good sign for efficient and effective operation Community Contribution: The involvement of the community, both in cash and in kind, can be affected by many factors including poverty, people’s experience with previous interventions, their confidence about the intervention happening, etc. The range of these factors should be identified and dealt with at the early stages of implementation.

SUMMARY OF LESSONS AND KEY ISSUES TECHNICAL ISSUES Community involvement in Construction: Community involvement helped to increase the beneficiary commitment and appreciation of the process. This provides a good platform for the community to bring their views and preference to the process. It ensures the community’s commitment and acceptance and therefore ownership of the process. This comes it own challenges which have to be identified and handled as part of the process. Decentralisation and Pro-Poor Issues: Pro-poor issues are better addressed when management of WASH facilities are handled at community/district level, rather than by Central government. Public Presentation of Accounts: Even though this is a requirement in the partnership, it has not been adequately implemented. To ensure transparency and public participation and appreciation of the operation, this has to be enforced.

SUMMARY OF LESSONS AND KEY ISSUES PPP Trust Building is Key: The fear of the private operator that he may not receive cooperation from the community and the WSDB/DA (in terms of going by the contract agreement) this affect the level within the partnership. Mechanism to ensure commitment to the partnership and collaboration should be strengthened.    Establishment of Framework for the Partnership: All the partnerships were protected by a contract agreement which sets the roles, responsibilities and benefits of all partners involved. The agreement also provided the framework for monitoring and also assessing the performance of partners. The process should ensure adequate stakeholder involvement for the mutual benefits of partners and functionality of the agreement.

SUMMARY OF LESSONS AND KEY ISSUES SERVICES FOR THE URBAN POOR/UNSERVED Tanker Service Delivery (secondary/tertiary providers) is generally expensive as option for delivering water to the poor   Physical access is prioritised over price by the poor in service delivery Lack of experience in real community management approaches in the urban sector

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