Fiction 1 Plan Resources Y6: Autumn Term Fiction: Plan 1: Historical Stories: War Horse

What do we remember about clauses? Clauses are groups of words with an active verb; they make sense. These are all clauses because they have an active verb and they make sense. They are called single-clause sentences because one clause makes up the entire sentence. I knew the road well. She turned. Captain Nicholls led me away. They can stand alone so they are main clauses (also called independent clauses). Week 1 Tuesday Grammar 1

Independent clauses can be joined by and, or, but. The pulse of the great bass drum beat out and there were children everywhere. I heard Zoey calling out to me but I felt no fear. The pulse of the great bass drum beat out and there were children everywhere. I heard Zoey calling out to me but I felt no fear. Independent clauses are also called main clauses. These are called multi-clause sentences because the sentence is made up of more than one clause. The conjunctions and, or and but are co-ordinating conjunctions. They join independent clauses with equal importance to the meaning of the sentence. Week 1 Tuesday Grammar 1

Subordinating Conjunctions Some conjunctions join extra information to a main clause. Conjunctions can give meaning to the joins, to do with… time place cause condition contrast when while since as before after until where wherever because as since so if unless even if although though whereas while Week 1 Tuesday Grammar 1

Subordinating conjunctions join main clauses to subordinate clauses. I went with him because Zoey was out there looking back over her shoulder. I had just about given up hope when I saw my Albert running up towards me. As we approached the flagpole, an officer pushed through the crowd towards us. These are still called multi-clause sentences because the sentence is made up of more than one clause. These sentences are made up of a main clause (which carries the most important information) and… …a subordinate clause which adds to the meaning of the main clause but cannot stand alone. Week 1 Tuesday Grammar 1

Can you spot the main clauses and subordinate clauses? Wherever you are, I’ll find you Joey. I shall take good care of him until you’re ready to join us. As we neared the village, I could see that several motor cars were parked up. There were tears filling his eyes. I was trotted round the garden before he pronounced me a perfect specimen. You’re too young and you know it. ANSWERS Week 1 Tuesday Grammar 1

What conjunctions have been used to join the clauses? Can you spot the main clauses and subordinate clauses? Wherever you are, I’ll find you Joey. I shall take good care of him until you’re ready to join us. As we neared the village, I could see that several motor cars were parked up. There were tears filling his eyes. I was trotted round the garden before he pronounced me a perfect specimen. You’re too young and you know it. What type of sentences are they? What conjunctions have been used to join the clauses? multi-clause multi-clause multi-clause single-clause multi-clause multi-clause ANSWER Week 1 Tuesday Grammar 1

What conjunctions have been used to join the clauses? Can you spot the main clauses and subordinate clauses? Wherever you are, I’ll find you Joey. I shall take good care of him until you’re ready to join us. As we neared the village, I could see that several motor cars were parked up. There were tears filling his eyes. I was trotted round the garden before he pronounced me a perfect specimen. You’re too young and you know it. What type of sentences are they? What conjunctions have been used to join the clauses? multi-clause multi-clause multi-clause single-clause multi-clause multi-clause ANSWER Week 1 Tuesday Grammar 1

Why might we use multi-clause sentences? Extending and joining clauses with conjunctions helps us to: add extra detail to a sentence build tension by slowing down the action vary the rhythm of our writing to help it flow Week 1 Tuesday Grammar 1

Register Register is created by the way that language and grammar are used. Hey! What’s up? Good morning. How are you today? I wish to purchase some refreshment. I want to buy a drink. Register can be formal or informal. Week 2 Tuesday Grammar 3

Contractions I’d what’s we’re you’re mustn't haven’t Contractions appear in informal language. mustn't haven’t Spoken language often contains contractions… but written formal language uses the longer versions of the word/s. We might write: It is not a lot but then we have not got a lot. but we are more likely to say: It’s not a lot but then we haven’t got a lot. What are the formal versions of the contractions above? Week 2 Tuesday Grammar 3

Question Tags Tags can be used in informal language. Tags are questions added to a clause to encourage a listener to respond. main clause Tag I’ve told you , haven’t I? The tag changes a statement into a question. main clause Tag Not often wrong , am I? Week 2 Tuesday Grammar 3

Breaking Grammar Rules! Informal language sometimes breaks grammar rules. This is effective when used sparingly for writing realistic dialogue. Oi boyo! Where you going? Hang on a bit. Excuse me. Where are you going to? Wait for a moment. I’ve told you I’m serious about Joey. I have told you that I am serious about Joey. Ellipsis (omitting words) has not changed the meaning but the grammar is now incorrect. This is common in informal spoken language. The relative pronoun has been dropped from this relative clause. It still makes sense to the listener, although is less formal. Week 2 Tuesday Grammar 3

Authentic Sounding Dialogue Looking carefully at vocabulary and grammar, identify which text from War Horse is narration and which is speech? ANSWER Narration Speech He’s sold him, hasn’t he? Now there were endless tedious hours circling the school. What in thunder do you think you’re about, you lot? Move it, you idle monkeys, move it! Although surprised, Albert reached and shook his hand. No need for that. You’ll be alright. Lot of fuss about nothing. Morpurgo uses formal register for narration and informal for speech. This contrast makes the speech sound authentic. Week 2 Tuesday Grammar 3

Authentic Sounding Dialogue Can you think of ways to make this dialogue sound authentic? IDEAS “Cease behaving in that way,” Albert said. “I have informed you that I feel strongly about Joey.” “Oh, pack it in,” Albert said. “I told you I’m dead serious about Joey.” “You are acting in a way that makes you appear irrational,” David said. “You’re round the twist, you are,” David said. Week 2 Tuesday Grammar 3

Relative Pronouns/Adverbs Relative Clauses Relative clauses can give more information about a noun or pronoun. They usually begin with a relative pronoun/adverb. Will scored. Tell me more about Will. Will, who was imagining that he was playing for England, scored. Will, who lived in Suffolk, scored. Relative pronouns/ adverbs relate the clause to the noun or pronoun. Will, who was football-mad, scored. Relative Pronouns/Adverbs who, which, where, whom, whose, that, when Week 2 Friday Grammar 4

Relative Pronouns/Adverbs Relative Clauses Relative clauses can give more information about a noun or pronoun. They usually begin with a relative pronoun/adverb. Billy ran up the steps. Tell me more about the steps. Billy ran up the steps where the army were recruiting. Billy ran up the steps which were old and crumbly. Relative pronouns/ adverbs relate the clause to the noun or pronoun. Billy ran up the steps that led to the office. Relative Pronouns/Adverbs who, which, where, whom, whose, that, when Week 2 Friday Grammar 4

Relative Clauses are a type of Subordinate Clause main clause subordinate clause which was docked in Southampton. They boarded the ship The main clause is the main part of the sentence. It makes sense by itself. The subordinate clause adds meaning to the main clause; it has less weight. When the subordinate clause is a relative clause, it often adds meaning to a noun. Week 2 Friday Grammar 4

Punctuating Relative Clauses When the relative clause comes after the main clause, we do not usually separate the clauses with a comma. subordinate clause relative clause main clause They waved at farm workers who they saw from the train. A comma would create an unnecessary break in the sentence. The relative clause tells us information needed to make sense of the main clause. We know which workers they waved at. Week 2 Friday Grammar 4

Punctuating Embedded Relative Clauses Sometimes the relative clause is embedded in the main clause. main clause Dogs searched for wounded men. The relative clause needs to be next to the noun: Dogs. Tell me more about the dogs. Week 2 Friday Grammar 4

Punctuating Embedded Relative Clauses Sometimes the relative clause is embedded in the main clause. main clause main clause Dogs, who were specially trained for rescue work, searched for wounded men. The main clause splits to make space... Tell me more about the dogs. Week 2 Friday Grammar 4

Punctuating Embedded Relative Clauses Sometimes the relative clause is embedded in the main clause. subordinate clause relative clause main clause main clause Dogs, who were specially trained for rescue work, searched for wounded men. Commas separate the relative clause from the main clause. The main clause splits to make space... for the relative clause. Tell me more about the dogs. The relative clause is extra (parenthetical) information so we can separate it with commas; the main clause is clear without it. The special training does not identify the dogs. We would still know who searched for wounded men. Week 2 Friday Grammar 4

Omitting the Relative Pronoun In spoken language, we sometime omit the relative pronoun. This can make the sentence easier to say. It must still make sense. Which sentences still make sense? The bang, which we heard yesterday, was a shell exploding. The bang we heard yesterday was a shell exploding.  If in doubt, use a relative pronoun/ adverb. The horse, that you rode, belonged to me. The horse you rode belonged to me.  The man, who injured his foot, was sent home. The man injured his foot was sent home.  Week 2 Friday Grammar 4

Week 3 Wednesday Composition 7

Week 3 Wednesday Composition 7