PowerPoint Supplement Richard P. Farkas, DePaul University POWER & CHOICE An Introduction to Political Science 14th Edition W. Phillips Shively, University of Minnesota PowerPoint Supplement Richard P. Farkas, DePaul University

Modern Ideologies and Political Philosophy Chapter 2 Modern Ideologies and Political Philosophy

“Ideology” an organized set of related ideas that modify and support one another European birthplace for several ideologies “isms”

Uses of Ideologies Simplify processing of ideas: filter Connect people to other people Umbrella for mobilization Shorthand for packaging pol. ideas Glue that ties ideas together Guide decisions

AMERICAN confusion! American ideologies: “loosely organized, inconsistent, untidy” … no internal coherence … constantly migrating shaped by squeezing into coalitions rather than by any intellectual reasoning

AMERICAN liberalism = government needs to be active in the assistance it provides to those in need; …. in measure, providing services aggressively defends freedom of expression classically suspect of “elites” exercising power

AMERICAN conservatism = government should shrink from activities and permit authority to devolve ... maintain an efficient, minimally regulated economy; fiscal prudence advocate common morality & common spirituality

“Classic” Ideologies Who Should Make Decisions? LIBERALISM develop individual capacities to the fullest  American liberalism & conservatism = variants CONSERVATISM tradition, maintain ordered community, press for common values SOCIALISM liberalism but … FASCISM conservatism but … COMMUNISM depends on normative vs. empirical vision

Origins of Classic Liberalism invented by intellectuals result of general artistic & scientific restlessness practical pressures from large scale commerce & industry

Principles … classic liberalism People must be maximally responsible for their own actions and circumstances Liberals see politics as choice As many choices as possible should be kept private The sphere of politics should be limited Champion: John Stuart Mill

Origins of Modern Conservatism reaction to the advent of Liberalism rationale for maintaining traditional European political structures rationale for maintaining centralization of power and military establishments caution about transfer of political responsibility to the common man

Principles of Modern Conservatism People must be maximally responsible for their own actions and circumstances belief that society is MORE than the sum of the individuals in it greatest good possible in community order, structure, community and all things that reinforce and maintain it web of social responsibilities Champion: Edmund Burke

Socialism working class and unions Karl Marx class as basis of society, government, history working class oppressed by capitalist class working-class revolution inevitable in industrialized countries Democratic socialism: western Europe Communism: USSR

Fascism Hitler in Germany; Mussolini in Italy Rejection of modern ideas Antisocialist and anticapitalist Opportunist politics Violence and oppression of opponents Hitler and the Holocaust World War Two ended most organized fascism

21st Century Ideologies tendency to “blend” commitments “post-material issues” & objectives (the environment) neo-liberalism & globalization (economics) historical & religious sources of ideas … (fundamentalism) relevance of class comfort with welfare state

Religion & Political Thinking Religions are ideologies Because “God given,” resistant to compromise Resistant to “blending” with other ideas Often evokes strong emotions For some, religious identity coexists with many other identities For others, primary identity shaping all others

The CLASSIC Ideological Continuum LEFT________________________RIGHT Liberal _________________Conservative Anarchist _________________Monarchist Locus of Power Individual_____________ State Choice ______________ Power

Juxtaposing ideologies ... Test your understanding: RIGHT or LEFT? liberalism conservatism socialism fascism communism (Marx’s concept) (Stalin’s reality) feminism anarchism environmentalism militarism Bureaucracy / governmentalism Religion / spiritualism Law / legalism welfare / humanitarianism