INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION England had banks, a gov’t that encouraged trade & invention, & money to invest in industry England’s colonies provided cheap raw materials & markets to sell industrial goods England had large deposits of natural resources, especially iron & coal

New textile machinery led to the factory system

Factory owners made huge profits selling mass-produced clothes MASS PRODUCTION Power-driven machines were able to mass-produce goods very fast & cheap Factory owners made huge profits selling mass-produced clothes

In 1765, James Watt invented the first steam engine Steam engines produced more power & allowed factories to be built in cities near workers

HENRY BESSEMER Henry Bessemer invented a cheap process for making steel which is stronger than iron Steel allowed engineers to design more powerful machines, taller buildings, & longer bridges

URBANIZATION Urbanization increased dramatically during the Industrial Revolution. The increase in population and enclosure of farms forced people to move to cities.

TENEMENTS Poor families lived in poorly constructed apartments built by factory owners called tenements in neighborhoods called slums. Many families shared cramped apartments that lacked running water or sanitation. Hard factory jobs and disease led to short life expectancies for urban workers.

CHILD LABOR Rather than working for their parents on family farms, many children in the cities worked in factories, brickyards, or mines. Living in cities was expensive so poor families needed their kids to work. Child workers earned 10% of an adult wage, worked long hours in dangerous conditions, were often beaten.

When union demands were not met, workers went on strike UNIONS Workers joined unions & demand better pay, fewer hours, safer work conditions When union demands were not met, workers went on strike

Karl Marx introduced a radical form of socialism called communism Marx & Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto which predicted a war between the “haves” & “have nots” Marx encouraged workers to overthrow owners, seize control of factories, distribute goods evenly, & create economic equality for all people

SOCIALISM This would create equality & end poverty by redistributing wealth from rich capitalists to the poor workers Socialists argued that the government should plan the economy by controlling factories, farms, railroads, mines, & important industries

IMPERIALISM The Industrial Revolution led to imperialism in Africa, India, China and the Pacific in the mid-1800s; Empires needed raw materials to fuel the demand for factory goods.

SOCIAL DARWINISM The ideology that applies biological concepts of Darwinism or “survival of the fittest” to sociology and politics, often with the assumption that conflict between groups in society leads to progress as superior groups outcompete inferior ones.

BERLIN CONFERENCE The race for African colonies was so fierce that Europeans became afraid wars would break out In 1884, 14 nations met at the Congress of Berlin to “set the rules” for colonizing in Africa No African nations were invited to attend; No concern was given to ethic divisions in Africa

SUEZ CANAL Constructed in 1859, the Suez Canal is a shipping canal that connects the Mediterranean Sea at Port Said with the Red Sea.

OPIUM WAR …In the 1800s, the British smuggled opium from India into China By 1835, 12 million Chinese citizens were addicted to opium The British refused to end the opium trade & China declared war on Britain Britain used its modern navy to easily win the Opium Wars (1839-1842)

EXTRATERRITORIAL RIGHTS The Treaty of Nanjing ended the Opium Wars: Britain received Hong Kong & extraterritorial rights in China ( foreigners were not subject to Chinese laws)

SPHERES OF INFLUENCE Britain & other industrial powers took advantage of China’s weakness to force China to sign unequal trade treaties in particular ports By 1900, China was carved into a series of spheres of influences: areas where a foreign nation had exclusive trade rights

In 1848, a surge of nationalism swept through Europe

Summer 1914 99 years of peace Europe was prospering in economic measures. Nothing going on. Bored. Almost an anticipation and hope for something big to happen that will excite people, create heroes, promote nationalism. What country is really the best?