Review Unit 3 and 4

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Nuclear envelope Rough ER Smooth ER Figure 6.8a ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Nuclear envelope Rough ER Smooth ER Flagellum NUCLEUS Nucleolus Chromatin Centrosome Plasma membrane CYTOSKELETON: Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Ribosomes Figure 6.8 Exploring: Eukaryotic Cells Microvilli Golgi apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Lysosome

Rough endoplasmic reticulum Figure 6.8c Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum NUCLEUS Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Chromatin Ribosomes Central vacuole Golgi apparatus Microfilaments Intermediate filaments CYTOSKELETON Microtubules Figure 6.8 Exploring: Eukaryotic Cells Mitochondrion Peroxisome Chloroplast Plasma membrane Cell wall Plasmodesmata Wall of adjacent cell

Figure 6.UN01a Summary table, Concept 6.3 Nucleus (ER) Figure 6.UN01a Summary table, Concept 6.3

Figure 6.UN01b Summary table, Concept 6.4 (Nuclear envelope) Figure 6.UN01b Summary table, Concept 6.4

Figure 6.UN01c Figure 6.UN01c Summary table, Concept 6.5

Endosymbiont Theory Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA in circular loops like prokaryotes Both have a double membrane (inner from original prokaryote and outer from cell Both are similar in size and structure to bacteria Both have ribosomes similar in structure and size to prokaryotes

Phospholipid bilayer - What molecules can get through directly?

Facilitated diffusion Figure 7.19 Passive transport Active transport Figure 7.19 Review: passive and active transport. Diffusion Facilitated diffusion ATP 9

Managing water balance Cell survival depends on balancing water uptake & loss freshwater balanced saltwater

0.01 M sucrose 0.01 M glucose 0.01 M fructose Figure 7.UN03 “Cell” “Environment” 0.03 M sucrose 0.02 M glucose 0.01 M sucrose 0.01 M glucose 0.01 M fructose Figure 7.UN03 Test Your Understanding, question 6 11

Osmosis… .05 M .03 M Cell (compared to beaker)  hypertonic or hypotonic Beaker (compared to cell)  hypertonic or hypotonic Which way does the water flow?  in or out of cell 2005-2006

Water Potential = Y = Ys + Yp Ys = -iCRT i = The number of particles the molecule will make in water; for NaCl this would be 2; for sucrose or glucose, this number is 1 C = Molar concentration R = Pressure constant = 0.0831 liter bar/mole K T = Temperature in degrees Kelvin = 273 + °C of solution Click here to see an entire page of water potential problems!

Water Potential and Solution Potential Sample Problem The molar concentration of a sugar solution in an open beaker has been determined to be 0.3M. Calculate the solute potential at 27 degrees Celsius. Round your answer to the nearest tenths.

Q3 Solute potential= –iCRT i= 1 C= 0.3 R = Pressure constant = 0.0831 T= 27 +273=300K Solute concentration= -7.5 If a baby carrot with a water potential of -5.2 bars is put into this solution, what will happen? Why?

Answer….. If a baby carrot with a water potential of -5.2 bars is put into this solution, what will happen? Why? Water moves from areas of higher water potential to areas of lower water potential (towards the more negative number!) So water moves……..out of the carrot!!! The carrot is hypotonic to the solution

Water Potential – another example The value for water potential in root tissue was found to be -3.3 bars. If you take the root tissue and place it in a .1 M solution of sucrose at 20 C in an open beaker, what is the water potential of the solution and in which direction will the net flow of water be? (answer is on the next slide)

.1M sucrose solution = -2.4 bars (calculate this!) Water Potential The value for water potential in root tissue was found to be -3.3 bars. If you take the root tissue and place it in a .1 M solution of sucrose at 20 C in an open beaker, what is the water potential of the solution and in which direction will the net flow of water be? Roots = -3.3 bars .1M sucrose solution = -2.4 bars (calculate this!) Water moves from the sucrose solution into the roots (from high water potential to low water potential!)

Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Figure 9.2 Light energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts  O2 Organic molecules CO2  H2O Cellular respiration in mitochondria Figure 9.2 Energy flow and chemical recycling in ecosystems. ATP powers most cellular work ATP Heat energy

Cellular respiration – Watch this Video

Cellular respiration – ~40 ATP Cellular respiration – + + 2 ATP 2 ATP ~36 ATP

Electron Transport Chain (oxygen as an electron acceptor and the generation of ATP)!!!!

Pyruvate is a branching point fermentation anaerobic respiration mitochondria Krebs cycle aerobic respiration

Photosynthesis – WATCH THIS VIDEO (7 minutes)

Light: absorption spectra Photosynthesis gets energy by absorbing wavelengths of light chlorophyll a absorbs best in red & blue wavelengths & least in green accessory pigments with different structures absorb light of different wavelengths chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophylls Why are plants green?

Electron transport chain Electron transport chain Figure 10.UN02 Primary acceptor Electron transport chain Primary acceptor Electron transport chain Fd NADP + H H2O Pq NADP reductase O2 Cytochrome complex NADPH Pc Figure 10.UN02 Summary figure, Concept 10.2 Photosystem I ATP Photosystem II 27

H2O CO2 Light NADP ADP + P i Light Reactions: RuBP 3-Phosphoglycerate Figure 10.22 H2O CO2 Light NADP ADP + P i Light Reactions: Photosystem II Electron transport chain Photosystem I Electron transport chain RuBP 3-Phosphoglycerate Calvin Cycle ATP G3P Figure 10.22 A review of photosynthesis. Starch (storage) NADPH Chloroplast O2 Sucrose (export) 28

Watch Bozeman Biology Photosynthesis and Respiration Cellular Respiration Video Photosynthesis Video