Chapter 3 Ancient India & China (2600 BC – AD 550) Focus: In what ways did the civilizations and empires of ancient India & China lay long-lasting social and political foundations?

3.1 – Early Civilizations of India & Pakistan Focus: How have scholars learned about India’s first two civilizations, the Indus and the Aryan? Indian Subcontinent Geography Indus Valley located in South Asia Subcontinent – a large landmass that juts out from a continent* Northern border – Hindu Kush & Himalayas Limit outside contact* Distinct culture*

3.1 – India & Pakistan 3 Zones (pg. 69) Gangetic Plain – fertile Deccan Plateau – dry raised area of level land* Coastal Plains – Eastern & Western Ghats

3.1 – India & Pakistan Monsoon – seasonal winds that bring wet & dry spells*

3.1 – Indus Civilization (2600 BC – 1900 BC) Mystery – written remains are rare Well-planned cities- formed by strong governments** City blocks & wide roads* Plumbing* Organized government*

Polytheistic* 3.1 – Indus Civilization Gods & goddesses Sacred animals Harappa Priest-King 3.1 – Indus Civilization Polytheistic* Gods & goddesses Sacred animals Led to veneration (special regard for) cattle* Decline Damage to environment

Aryans – nomadic herders from southern Russia* 3.1 – Aryan Civilization Aryans – nomadic herders from southern Russia* 1500 BC – Migrate into India Warriors Rajah* – chief of tribe Value cattle (wealth)

Vedas*– book of hymns, chants, & religious teachings (Vedic Age) 3.1 – Aryan Civilization Vedas*– book of hymns, chants, & religious teachings (Vedic Age)

3.1 – Aryan Civilization Society Brahmins – priests* Kshatriyas – warriors Vaisyas – herders, farmers, merchants Sudras – little or no Aryan heritage Dravidians – Indians conquered by Aryans Untouchables*

Religion 3.1 – Aryan Civilization Polytheistic – natural forces Indra – god of war, chief Aryan deity* Animal deities

New lifestyle – New beliefs 3.1 – Aryan Civilization New lifestyle – New beliefs Brahman – single spiritual power beyond gods; resides in all things Mystics – seek divine contact by practicing meditation & yoga*

3.2 – Hinduism & Buddhism Focus: In what ways were religion and society intertwined in ancient India? Hinduism* No single founder* No single sacred text* Diverse groups settle – beliefs overlap

3.2 - Hinduism Basic Beliefs Brahman * Spiritual force that everything is part of* Atman* Essential soul* Moksha* Union with Brahman - free from the cycle of death and rebirth Ultimate goal of existence* Free from selfish desires

3.2- Hinduism Vary by class, gender, age, & occupation Reincarnation* rebirth of the soul in another bodily form* Karma* actions that affect a person’s fate in the next life* Dharma* Religious and moral duties* Vary by class, gender, age, & occupation Escape cycle of death & rebirth Ahimsa* Nonviolence*

3.2 - Hinduism Castes* Social groups into which people are born and which can rarely be changed* Ensured social order (karma) Strict rules for every part of life – jobs, homes, clothing, friends, food Higher caste – spiritually poor Lower caste - untouchable

3.2 - Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama* searching for the cause & cure of suffering and sorrow the Buddha – “enlightened one”*

3.2 - Buddhism Four Noble Truths Explains life as suffering and gives ways to cure it Eightfold Path (4th truth) Directs people in achieving the goals of a moral life and enlightenment

3.2 - Buddhism Nirvana – union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth* Final goal

3.3 – Powerful Empires of India Family & Village Life Rules & duties associated with caste, family, & village Joint family* – parents, children, & their offspring share common dwelling patriarchal Dowry* – payment to the bridegroom Women’s rights restricted over time

3.4- Rise of Civilization in China Focus: What characteristics defined the civilization that developed in China under its early rulers?

3.4- Rise of Civilization in China Geography Influences China:* Isolation due to Geographic Barriers**- set China apart: West- Deserts and Mountains (Himalayas) Slowed/ hindered migration Southeast- Rainforest (separated China from Southeast Asia) North- Gobi (Rough desert) East- Pacific Ocean

3.4- Rise of Civilization in China Outside influence: Despite natural barriers the Chinese still had contact with the outside world: Traded with neighbors (Mongolia) Nomads- tried to conquer and attack Chinese cities

3.4-The Rise of Civilization in China The Yellow River Chinese civilization began on the Huang/Yellow River Called the Yellow River because of: Loess- fine wind blown yellow soil* River often flooded- destroying crops- starvation*

3.4- Rise of Civilization in China The Shang Dynasty Shang Government Lead by a King Controlled Princes who were in charge of Clans Clans - group of families with a common ancestor*

3.4- Rise of Civilization in China Shang Dynasty Shang Society Royal Family/ Nobles Merchants & Artisans Peasants (Majority)

3.4- Rise of Civilization in China Zhou Dynasty Overthrew the Shang Justified the takeover by- “The Mandate of Heaven”* Ruled by divine right - power from the gods* Gods were upset with Shang… so the Zhou should take over

3.4- Rise of Civilization in China Mandate of Heaven The Chinese used the Mandate of Heaven to explain the Dynastic Cycle - the rise and fall of China's Ruling families* Good = Rise Prosperity Peace Bad = Fall Floods Famine Invaders Earthquakes

3.4- Rise of Civilization in China Zhou Dynasty Zhou had a feudal state Feudalism - Government where land is granted in return for support military service* =

3.4- Rise of Civilization in China Zhou Dynasty Social Change in Zhou Dynasty Confucius- developed a philosophy based on ensuring social order and creating a good government* Harmony in relationships* - especially that of parents and children

3.4- Rise of Civilization in China Achievements of Early China Bronze making- weapons & décor Silk making (worms) Calligraphy - elegant writing*

3.5- Strong Rulers Unite China Focus: How did powerful emperors unite much of China and bring about a golden age of cultural achievements?

3.5- Strong Rulers Unite China Qin Dynasty (221- 206 B.C.) Shi Huangdi: Harsh ruler United China Abolished feudalism- set up districts (To increase loyalty) Set up standard weights, measures, coins, and writing

3.5- Strong Rulers Unite China Qin Dynasty Shi Huangdi: Most lasting achievement - building The Great Wall - To keep nomadic people and enemies from invading from the north*

3.5- Strong Rulers Unite China Wudi- Han Emperor Set up granaries- for a stable food source Set up a government monopoly on salt and iron So taxes wouldn’t be the governments only income* Had policy of expansionism - increasing empires size* Opened the Silk Road - increased trade and communication with the west*

3.5- Strong Rulers Unite China Han Golden Age Advances in: Science, Math, Astronomy, Medicine Develop Accupuncture*: needles in skin Relieve stress and pain (pressure point)