Federalist Paper Simulation Project: Goal: Demonstrate convincing arguments for ratifying (adopting) a new US Constitution to replace the struggling Articles of Confederation in the period 1787-1789. Tasks: Explain / Discuss advantages of creating a National Government (central government) with Separation of Powers / checks+balances Explain / Discuss advantages of Federalism to maintain an appropriate sharing of powers between the National + State governments #1 Reason for 1787 Constitutional Convention Shays' Rebellion is the name given to a series of protests in 1786 and 1787 by American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt.

Federalism is … dividing + sharing power Advantages of Stronger National / Central Government improved cooperation by courts for legal disputes improved ability to stop riots + rebellions improved military cooperation for national defense improved trade / commerce between states Bi-Cameral (2 House) Legislative Branch = Congress House = chosen by the People Senate = chosen by the States H.o R. = most taxation power Senate = most approval power Both H.o.R. + Senate needed to approve laws, override vetoes, declare war, impeach + remove officials, add new States, add Amendments, etc… US Senate = advice + consent for Presidential decisions Executive Branch (Chief Executive / Commander in Chief) = President Chief Executive appoints department heads “Cabinet” + Justices can veto bills, negotiate treaties, grant pardons, etc… Commander in Chief of the army, navy, + state militias Judicial Branch = US Supreme Court Judicial Review power to declare laws “unconstitutional” (interprets laws) settle disputes between States Federalism is … dividing + sharing power

US President … US Supreme Court… Bi-Cameral Legislature… Why a 2 House Legislature would be better than just a one House legislature ? Slow down speed of decision making…prevent bad laws Prevent tyranny by most populated States over the less populated States Give both the People and the States a “voice” in the law making process US Supreme Court… Specialize in interpreting laws based on the US Constitution Settle disputes between States in the interest of justice and peace between US States Specialize in settling legal disputes between the USA and foreign nations as needed US President … Why a strong leader is needed to direct the Nation ? Specialize in enforcement of the Acts (laws) passed by Congress Specialize in maintaining domestic peace within the Nation + States as needed Specialize in defending the Nation from foreign threats + improving international relations

Delegated = US Government Power ONLY Federalism is needed to improve Treaties Declare War Interstate Commerce Weights + Measures Federalism is needed to improve cooperation among the States… Concurrent = Shared Powers… National + State Levy taxes Collect taxes Borrow money Pass laws Enforce laws Interpret laws Reserved = NY State Government Power ONLY Traffic laws Marriage laws Hunting + fishing laws Education laws NY State Speed Limits Vehicle Registration Vehicle Inspection Driver’s License Marriage License Hunting License Teaching License Regents’ Diploma vvs

No National Judiciary Powers No Executive Powers One House Legislature… Why a 1 House Legislature is a flawed system in 1788? The US Congress under the Articles of Confederation gives each State only one vote…the People do not have a “voice” in the national government The US Congress under the Articles of Confederation requires unanimous (total) agreement to create change No National Judiciary Powers Citizens argue with each other over boundaries + rights Disputes between States are bringing rival US States closer to war with each other Legal disputes between the USA and foreign nations are threatening the rights of US Citizens + Businesses No Executive Powers Why is a strong leader needed to direct the Nation ? With the weak Articles of Confederation/the Acts (laws) of Congress can’t be enforced (no power to collect taxes) Massive rebellions, riots, insurrections, etc… are left to the States alone to deal with No Commander in Chief to defend the Nation from foreign threats + difficult international relations

United States under the States’ Rights have been Weaknesses of these United States under the Articles of Confederation need to be solved ASAP …so WE can Levy taxes Collect taxes Borrow money Pass laws Enforce laws Interpret laws Protect our Freedom States’ Rights have been competing with Congress’ authority over these powers Treaties w/ Indians + European Nations Declaring War + Defense Actions Interstate Commerce Weights + Measures / Money Policies National Cooperation with Federalism is needed so we better organize the future USA…to look more like this New States added to our Union Sharing major Rivers + Lakes Better trade between States Better National Defense Better Foreign Relations