2A: Ancient Geography Early geography focused on description & measurement Limited to Physical Geography in description Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Aristotle: first to say earth was spherical Ptolemy: --wrote Guide to Geography in the 2nd century CE (BCE ≈ BC; CE ≈ AD) --first to codify the basic principles of mapmaking Aristotle: first to say earth was spherical Eratosthenes: --first to record the use of the word --Calculated the circumference of the world

2B: The Middle Ages Geographic understanding stagnated in Christian Europe compared to Islamic world and China Note influence of religion in T-O map Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2B: The Middle Ages Ibn Battuta (Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Lawātī al-Ṭanjī ibn Baṭṭūṭa) Travelled for 29 years Reported both physical and cultural geography Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Travels of ibn-Battuta Figure 2B.2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2C: The Age of Exploration Wide-reaching expansion of European overseas interest Prince Henry the Navigator Employed geographers, cartographers, astronomers and other experts Long distance navigation was aided by improvements in measuring latitude John Harrison’s clock (late 18th century) for longitude Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The Columbian Exchange Important interaction between the Eastern & Western Hemispheres Slaves Crops Livestock Disease Metals Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2D: The Birth of Modern Geography Alexander von Humboldt Traveled, collected, & categorized plants / rocks Investigated relation between government and environment Carl Ritter Pushed academic geography toward scientific observation Searched for interconnections among things Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The Twentieth Century Carl Sauer Rejected environmental determinism (remember this when we talk about paradigms) Emphasized the changing cultural landscape (impact of human cultures and physical landscape) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.