Section 6.2 Urbanization(Appleby 222-227) Urban American Section 6.2 Urbanization(Appleby 222-227)
Today’s Agenda Library Research crew Family Tree Begin Urbanization Section 6.2 (Appleby 222-227) Homework Read your library sources
Review Why did immigrants come to America at the turn of the 20th Century? From where did they come? How was this different from before? How did some Americans view them? Examples
We learned about how immigrants who came to America seeking the American Dream. What was life like for them? In what environment did they find themselves?
What caused America to urbanize? Urbanization Transformation of population from country to city dwellers Technology Train, Electric trolley car allowed cities to expand Steam powered engines Factories moved to cities Mechanization & Automation machines replaced manual labor, animals, skilled craftsmen Employment Where the jobs were (factories) Creature Comforts Entertainment, stores, electricity, indoor plumbing Immigration (25 million) (1890-WWI)
Urban Crime 24-28 min
What problems did new immigrants face? Poverty/Crime Jobs paid too little to support family $445 annually Often required entire family to work No gov. “safety nets” Gambling, extortion, prostitution ubiquitous Inadequate services Few Police, Firefighters not reliable Inadequate sanitation system Raw sewage, manure and trash thrown Unsafe drinking water Overcrowded Conditions 40 thousand in 17 block area of Little Italy Tenement apartments packed NYC= 40 thousand die yearly from waterborne disease ½ million pounds of manure on streets of NYC everyday
Urban Conditions 31-34:13
Today’s Agenda Review Essay/ Presentation Project Review Continue Urbanization Homework Work on your Essay or Presentation
What is a tenement? Overcrowded apartment building brick building from four to six stories high 1 bathroom shared by multiple families Often had a liquor store on 1st floor Known for squalid, unhealthy conditions
Describe the conditions of the slums. High murder rate High rate of alcoholism High infant/child mortality rate Nearly 7 out of 10 died by age 5 Rats, trash, smell ubiquitous Both parents and children over 5 worked from 6 AM to 8 or 9 PM 6 days a week
Describe the political corruption that emerged as a result of urbanization. Political Machines Organization that controlled jobs, contracts, city services by corruptly influencing elections & government Used police or gangs to instill fear Provided jobs & protection to poor in return for votes Tammany Hall Most infamous political machine in NY George Washington Plunkitt Member of NY State Assembly Used inside information to make huge profits on real estate William “Boss” Tweed third-largest landowner in NYC, controlled Erie RR, 10th National Bank, NY Printing Co. , police & fire departments
Define Muckraker and describe their methods. Investigative journalists who exposed the “dirt” of society Wanted to raise the consciousness of middle class Photojournalism Used photography to graphically expose conditions in tenements, factories
Urban Conditions 28-34
Who was Jacob Riis? Immigrant from Denmark So poor he often lodged at police station Got job as photographer covering police activities Became a Muckraker Published How the Other Half Lives "poor were the victims rather than the makers of their fate“ Sold 28 million copies Wanted to make middle class aware of abject poverty, condition of cities in America Results Tenements closed Indoor plumbing becomes commonplace in NYC Schools forced to install playgrounds
What words come to mind when you see these photographs? Jacob Riis, Children sleeping in Mulberry Street (1890) Jacob Riis, Bandits' Roost (1890)
Who was Lewis Hine? A Muckraker Pioneer of documentary photography Focused of Child Labor Careful not to exaggerate photos Posed as fire inspector to get access to factories Led to Keating-Owen Act (1916) Placed limits on employment of children under 14 in factories and shops
Hypothesize about the public’s reaction to the to the photos.