2. Expansion of the Economy Impact of the Railroad 5. Working Conditions Dangerous conditions: first statistics in 1888 = more than 2,000 deaths and 20,000 injuries Many were immigrants The Central Pacific (West) Chinese and Hispanic The Union Pacific (East) Irish, African Americans, Civil War Veterans Discrimination: Chinese worker = $35 per month Average white worker = $40 – 60 per month plus meals 1. Root Causes Abundance of resources like coal, oil and steel because of new inventions like the Bessemer Process) = cheaper and easier resources to use. Post-Civil War demand for consumer products required shipping. Government support like free land to R.R. companies 2. Expansion of the Economy provides jobs building and running R.R. Encourages the growth of related industries like steel, coal, and lumber.

3. Expansion of Rail Network 1856: to the Mississippi River 1869: west (Transcontinental) 1870 = 57,000 miles 1890 = 167,000 miles Between cities - trunk lines, which were rail lines that branched off from the main track. 4. Urban Expansion and Commerce Cities develop where railroads were built Mass transit expands size of cities In rural areas R.R. become center of shipping for crops and livestock (cattletown) Railroads promoted trade and interdependence between different parts of the country; towns began to specialize for example Chicago meatpacking Migration & Immigration Looking for jobs Immigration to US to work on RR South to NORTH migration by African Americans Increased western settlement because Homestead Act gives 160 acres in the West for free if its farmed for 5 years

Signaling system and the compressed air brake (Westinghouse) 9. Political Upheaval “Granger laws” passed at state level to try to stop railroad corruption Railroads sue states in Munn v. Illinois (1887); Supreme Court upheld Granger laws. Interstate Commerce Act (Congress 1887): right of the federal government to supervise RR that cross state lines. It created the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) to regulate RR ICC had very little real power to stop monopolies by 1900 only 7 companies controlled 2/3 of railroads 8. Monopolies Rail travel and shipping should have become faster and less expensive except in the case of monopolies which were taking advantage of consumers 7. New Inventions Standard gauge rail: all tracks the same width and all trains made to fit this width (4’ 81/2”). Signaling system and the compressed air brake (Westinghouse) Luxury cars (Pullman) Refrigerated Freight Car Time Zones: 1869, by Professor C. F. Dowd. 24 time zones divide the earth’s surface. Begins in 1883.

2. Expansion of the Economy Notes: Ch 14, section 2: Impact of the Railroad 5. Working Conditions Dangerous conditions: first statistics in 1888 = more than __________________ and _____________________________ Discrimination: Many were _______________________ The Central Pacific (West) ___________ _________________________________ The Union Pacific (East) ____________ _________________________________ Chinese worker = $_________________ Average white worker = $__________ per month plus meals 1. Root Causes Abundance of ___________ like coal, oil and steel because of new inventions like the Bessemer Process) = ____________________ resources to use. Post-Civil War _____________ for consumer products required shipping. Government support like _________ to R.R. companies 2. Expansion of the Economy jobs ____________________ R.R. Encourages the growth of _______ ______________ like steel, coal, and lumber. 4. Urban Expansion and Commerce _______________________ develop where railroads were built Mass transit expands size of cities In _____________ areas R.R. become center of shipping for crops and livestock (cattle town) Railroads promoted trade and ______________ between different parts of the country; towns began to specialize like Chicago meatpacking 3. Expansion of Rail Network 1856: to the __________________ 1869: west __________________ 1870 = ___________________ 1890 = ___________________ Between cities - ______________, which were rail lines that branched off from the main track. 6. Increased Western Settlement Migration / immigration for _________________ ______________________ gives 160 acres in the West for free if its farmed for 5 years 7. New Inventions Standard _________ rail: all tracks the same _________ and all trains made to fit this width (4’8.5”). Signaling system and the compressed ___________________(Westinghouse) _______________________ (Pullman) ______________________Freight Car _______________: 1869, by Professor C. F. Dowd. 24 time zones divide the earth’s surface. Begins in 1883. 8. Monopolies Rail travel and shipping should have become ______________ ______________ except in the case of monopolies which were taking advantage of consumers 9. Political Upheaval “____________________________” passed at state level to try to stop railroad corruption Railroads sue states in _______________________ (1887); Supreme Court upheld Granger laws. _________________________ (Congress 1887): right of the federal government to supervise RR that cross state lines. It created the _________ (Interstate Commerce Commission) to _________________RR ICC had very little real power to stop monopolies by 1900 only ______________ controlled ____________