JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES – Austrian Results in an International Context Gerfried Jungmeier Conference on POWER ENGINEERING May 14 – 16, 2013, Maribor, Slovenia Fördergeber

Challenges for the Successful Market Introduction of Electric-Vehicles Charging infrastructure Additional renewable electricity Monitoring: Electricity, emissions The consumer Electric-vehicles 1) On the market available 2) Substituting gasoline&diesel

Statement on Environmental Assessment of Electric Vehicles “There is international consensus that the environmental effects of electric vehicles can only be analyzed on the basis of life cycle assessment (LCA) including the production, operation and the end of life treatment of the vehicles” “….and in comparison to conventional vehicles”

Assessment of LCA-Aspects over Full Value Chain Primary Energy Electricity production Electricity grid Charging infrastructure Production of vehicle of battery „End of life management“ Dismantling of vehicle Electric vehicle Transportation service

Challenges for the Successful Market Introduction of Electric-Vehicles Charging infrastructure Additional renewable electricity Monitoring: Electricity, emissions The consumer Electric-vehicles 1) On the market available 2) Substituting gasoline&diesel

All Types of Electricity Generation Have GHG Emissions Source: Joanneum Research based on LCA

Additional Renewable Electricity Production and Electric Vehicles Direct connection Via storage „Store in Grid“ Real loading modelling How to connect?

Direct Use of Renewable Electricity for Loading of EVS PV electricity from PV electricity from wind

100% of Electricity for Vehicle is Stored in Battery or Hydro Pump Storage PV electricity from PV Li-Ion Battery Hydro Pump Storage electricity from wind

GHG Emissions for Different Loading Strategies with Renewable Electricity

100% of Renewable Electricity for EVs “Stored in the Power Grid” PV substitution of natural gas CC power plant during the day, e.g. “lunch time” η = < 100% η = <100% Additional electricity from coal power plant during night 1 kWh

“Real Loading Modeling” – e.g. 30% Direct PV Electricity PV production 1 kWh substitution of natural gas CC power plant η = 90% 0.7 kWh Saving Direct PV loading 0,3 kWh η = 90% Indirect PV loading 0.7 kWh Loading of EV 1 kWh Production

Challenges for the Successful Market Introduction of Electric Vehicles Charging infrastructure Additional renewable electricity Monitoring: Electricity, emissions The consumer Electric-vehicles 1) On the market available 2) Substituting gasoline&diesel

Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Vehicle Production Source: ELEKTRA 2009

Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Electric Battery Vehicle Battery key issues Life time of battery End of life – recycling Main impacts of production: alumium, cathode material (cobalt, nickel) Austrian grid mix: 53% hydro; 3.1% wind, 2.2% biomass, 22% natural gas, 1.1% oil, 14% coal, 4,6% nuclear Source: ELEKTRA 2009

Summary and Outlook Additional Charging infrastructure renewable electricity Monitoring: Electricity, emissions The consumer Electric-vehicles 1) On the market available 2) Substituting gasoline&diesel

The Key Issue for Eco-Mobility: Energy Efficiency Internal combustion engine and battery electric passenger cars 300 Diesel 250 Electricity UCTE mix Electricity natural gas 200 Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO2-eq/km] Biodiesel rape*) 150 Ren-H2 hydro power 100 Electricity hydro power 50 FT-Biodiesel wood 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Fuel consumption [kWh/100km] Source: LCA of passenger vehicles, Joanneum Research, *) without iLUC

The Key Issue for Eco-Mobility: Energy Efficiency Internal combustion engine and battery electric passenger cars Heating&cool-ing increases electricity demand significantly 300 Diesel 250 Electricity UCTE mix Electricity natural gas 200 Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO2-eq/km] Biodiesel rape 150 Ren-H2 hydro power 100 Electricity hydro power 50 FT-Biodiesel wood 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Fuel consumption [kWh/100km] Source: LCA of passenger vehicles, Joanneum Research, *) without iLUC

The Key Issue for Eco-Mobility: Energy Efficiency Internal combustion engine and battery electric passenger cars 300 Diesel 250 Electricity UCTE mix Electricity natural gas 200 Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO2-eq/km] Reduction -90% Biodiesel rape 150 Ren-H2 hydro power 100 Electricity hydro power 50 FT-Biodiesel wood 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Fuel consumption [kWh/100km] Source: LCA of passenger vehicles, Joanneum Research, *) without iLUC

The Key Issue for Eco-Mobility: Energy Efficiency Internal combustion engine and battery electric passenger cars 300 Diesel 250 Electricity UCTE mix Electricity natural gas 200 Increase +30% Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO2-eq/km] Biodiesel rape 150 Ren-H2 hydro power 100 Electricity hydro power 50 FT-Biodiesel wood 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Fuel consumption [kWh/100km] Source: LCA of passenger vehicles, Joanneum Research, *) without iLUC

IEA Hybrid&Electric Vehicles: 18 Countries in 9 Running Task South Korea

resources to waste management of vehicles with an electric drivetrain Task 19 (2012 – 2014) Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicles - From raw material resources to waste management of vehicles with an electric drivetrain http://www.ieahev.org/tasks/task-19-life-cycle-assessment-of-evs

Our Activities: 2012 – 2014 April 25 – 26; 2013 Chicago/USA Final event: „Results of Annex“ April 25 – 26; 2013 Chicago/USA Workshop IV: „LCA aspects of electricity production,distribution and charging infrastructure“ Workshop III: „End of life management“ December 7, 2012 Braunschweig/G Workshop II: „LCA aspects of battery and vehicle production“ Workshop I: „LCA metho- dology and case studies“ Kick-off meeting 2012 2013 2014

LCA Based GHG Emissions of Battery Electric Vehicle Unconventional shale oil&gas have higher GHG emissions Fossil fueled vehicles (conventional sources) Saving > 35% Source: own calcullation under discussion of IEA HEV Task 19 With current average electricity mix

Summary IEA HEV Task 19 is international Platform for Life Cycle Assessment of EVs Consumer behaviour is essential on environmental benefits/impact of EVs Electricity consumption of EVs must be optimized considering heating&cooling demand Renewable electricity offers high environmental benefits for EVs with adequate loading strategies Production and “end of life phase” relevant for EVs, but additional data for LCA are necessary Environmental Assessment of EVs only possible on Life Cycle Assessment compared to conventional vehicles

Your Contact Gerfried Jungmeier JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH. RESOURCES – Institute for Water, Energy and Sustainability Energy Research Group Elisabethstraße 18 A-8010 Graz, AUSTRIA +43 316 876-1313 www.joanneum.at/eng gerfried.jungmeier@joanneum.at http://www.ieahev.org/tasks/task-19-life-cycle-assessment-of-evs