The Second Law of Thermodynamics CHAPTER 5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 5-9 Part of the heat received by a heat engine is converted to work, while the rest is rejected to a sink. 5-1

FIGURE 5-10 Schematic of a steam power plant. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 5-10 Schematic of a steam power plant. 5-2

FIGURE 5-14 Schematic of a heat engine. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 5-14 Schematic of a heat engine. 5-3

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 5-16 A heat-engine cycle cannot be completed without rejecting some heat to a low-temperature sink. 5-4

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 5-23 The efficiency of a cooking appliance represents the fraction of the energy supplied to the appliance that is transferred to the food. 5-5

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 5-25 Basic components of a refrigeration system and typical operating conditions. 5-6

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 5-26 The objective of a refrigerator is to remove QL from the cooled space. 5-7

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 5-27 The objective of a heat pump is to supply heat QH into the warmer space. 5-8

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 5-33 Proof that the violation of the Kelvin-Planck statement leads to the violation of the Clausius statement. 5-9

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 5-34 A perpetual-motion machine that violates the first law of thermodynamics (PMM1). 5-10

FIGURE 5-43 Execution of the Carnot cycle in a closed system. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 5-43 Execution of the Carnot cycle in a closed system. 5-11

FIGURE 5-44 P-V diagram of the Carnot cycle. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 5-44 P-V diagram of the Carnot cycle. 5-12

FIGURE 5-45 P-V diagram of the reversed Carnot cycle. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 5-45 P-V diagram of the reversed Carnot cycle. 5-13

FIGURE 5-46 The Carnot principles. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 5-46 The Carnot principles. 5-14

FIGURE 5-47 Proof of the first Carnot principle. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 5-47 Proof of the first Carnot principle. 5-15

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 5-49 The arrangement of heat engines used to develop the thermodynamic temperature scale. 5-16

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 5-55 The fraction of heat that can be converted to work as a function of source temperature (for TL = 303 K). 5-17

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 5-57 No refrigerator can have a higher COP than a reversible refrigerator operating between the same temperature limits. 5-18

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 5-63 The condenser coils of a refrigerator must be cleaned periodically, and the airflow passages must not be blocked to maintain high performance. 5-19