Ch. 18. The Politics of Protest (1960-1980). Tom Hayden, 2007.

A. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). I. Youth Actions. A. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). 1. Port Huron Statement (1962) – Stop apathy & letting country be run by big corporations. 2. Tom Hayden.  Port Huron Statement written largely by Tom Hayden.  “New” left of liberalism different from “Old” left of Socialism / communism. Protested Vietnam War; poverty, nuclear power, and racism. “Don’t trust anyone over 30.”

These UC-Berkeley students are protesting the government's actions in Vietnam.

B. Counterculture – Alternative ways of living, called “Hippies.” 1. Communes – Group living. This was the center of the hippy world in San Francisco.  Communes – Group living arrangement where they shared everything.  Haight-Ashbury district in San Francisco – Hippy destination in mid-1960’s.

 Tie-dyed shirts; Andy Warhol, Hair musical in 1967. with painting of Che. The peace symbol was developed in the UK as a logo for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and was embraced by U.S. anti-war protestors in the 1960s  Tie-dyed shirts; Andy Warhol, Hair musical in 1967.

► The Beatles perform “I want to hold. your hand” on the Ed Sullivan ► The Beatles perform “I want to hold your hand” on the Ed Sullivan Show (1964). ► Bob Dylan and Jimi Hendrix.

THE SUMMER OF LOVE The Summer of Love refers to the summer of 1967, when nearly 100,000 hippies converged on the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco, creating a phenomenon of cultural and political rebellion. It was a melting pot of music, psychedelic drugs, sexual freedom, creative expression, and politics. The Summer of Love became a defining moment of the 1960s, as the hippie counterculture movement came into public awareness.

WOODSTOCK !! Woodstock – Aug 1969, over 400,000 descended on a farm in upstate NY for “3-days of peace and music.” Much of hippie style had been integrated into mainstream American society by the early 1970s.

Silent Spring is a book written by Rachel Carson in 1962. The book is widely credited with helping launch the environmental movement. Silent Spring spurred a reversal in national pesticide policy— leading to a nationwide ban on DDT and other pesticides—and inspired the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency. Rachel Carson, 1940

Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania The Three Mile Island accident in 1979 was the most significant accident in the history of the U.S. commercial nuclear power generating industry. Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station consisted of two pressurized water reactors each inside its own containment building and connected cooling towers. TMI-2, suffered a partial meltdown, is in the background.

Three Mile Island A recent study has noted that the counties surrounding TMI have the highest radon concentrations in the United States and that this may be the cause of the increased lung cancer noted in the region. Fewer Nuclear reactors built. The clean-up cost was around $975 million. From 1985 to 1990 almost 100 tons of radioactive fuel were removed from the site. Federal requirements became more stringent, local opposition became more strident, and construction times were significantly lengthened. The full damage to the reactor core was not known for many years after the accident.

II. The Feminist Movement. A. Feminism – Men & women equal politically, economically, and socially.

B. Women’s Movement Reawakens. 1. Equal Pay Act (1963) – Same pay for same job. 2. Betty Friedan – The Feminine Mystique (1963). Betty Friedan was an American feminist, activist, and writer, best known for starting the "Second Wave“ of feminism through the writing of The Feminine Mystique.  Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963).  Shirley Chisholm – 1st African American woman in Congress (NY) in 1968.

NOW Organizing Conference, October, 1966. 3. National Organization for Women (NOW) – 1966, Bring women into mainstream of U.S. society. NOW Organizing Conference, October, 1966.  NOW was created by Betty Friedan.

4. Title IX (1972) – Schools can’t discriminate against females. 5. Roe vs. Wade (1973) – Supreme Court ruled that states can’t regulate abortions (first 3 months).  Title IX – no school discrimination from admission to athletics.

III. New Approaches to Civil Rights. A. Hispanic Americans Organize. Raymond L. Telles, the first Hispanic elected mayor (1957), El Paso, Texas. Hispanic immigrants protest for civil rights in Birmingham, Alabama. 

1. United Farm Workers (UFW) – Rights for farm workers. a) Started by César Chávez and Dolores Huerta. Cesar Chavez lived on a small farm near Yuma, Arizona until his family lost it during the Great Depression and moved to CA. At age 10, Chávez became a migrant farm worker, laboring in fields and vineyards.  Early 1960’s, combined groups to organize against CA growers to demand union recognition, better wages, and better benefits.  National Boycott of table grapes (no uvas) with help from AFL-CIO, students, churches, and civil rights groups; about 17 million people stopped buying them; market plunged.  Started in 1965 and ended in 1970.

The UFW is a labor union that evolved from unions founded in 1962 by César Chávez, Philip Vera Cruz, Dolores Huerta, and Larry Itliong. This union changed from a workers' rights organization that helped workers get unemployment insurance to that of a union of farmworkers almost overnight, when the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) went out on strike in support of the mostly Filipino farmworkers of the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC).

2. La Raza Unida (the united people) – 1969, Texas group led by José Angel Gutiérrez for better job training, banking services, and bilingual education.

B. Stonewall Riots(1969) – Beginning of Gay rights movement. The Stonewall riots were a series of violent conflicts between New York City police officers and 2,000 gay and transgender people that began during the early morning of June 28, 1969, and lasted five days. The Rebellion was a watershed moment for the worldwide gay rights movement. The Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village, NYC.