Regulation of the Internal Environment Chapter 32 Regulation of the Internal Environment

What is the difference between EXCRETION and ELIMINATION?? The Excretory System: What is the difference between EXCRETION and ELIMINATION??

Look at the flowchart on page 1 in your notepacket…

Excretion Waste is released from metabolic processes inside of a cell. Ex.) Urine, sweat

Regulation of wastes: Cells produce waste products  they must be excreted or the person becomes ill.

Elimination Food that cannot be digested is eliminated Ex.) Feces

What is metabolism? All chemical reactions in the cells of the organism

Metabolic Waste Waste that must be excreted after a chemical reaction

What are 2 metabolic wastes we have already learned about? 1. CO2 2. H2O

Metabolic wastes… 3. inorganic salts 4. nitrogenous wastes sodium chloride potassium sulfate 4. nitrogenous wastes Nitrogen containing Ammonia, urea, uric acid

Deamination of amino acids Amino Acids are not stored Amino group is removed (de-amino grouping) Ammonia (NH3) is formed (Toxic)

Deamination of amino acids Carboxyl Group Side Group Amino Group Ammonia Used in other Metabolic processes

LOW HIGH MED MED HIGH NON WASTE ATP TO PRODUCE TOXICITY AMMONIA (NH3) NITROGENOUS WASTE ATP TO PRODUCE TOXICITY AMMONIA (NH3) UREA URIC ACID LOW HIGH MED MED HIGH NON

Animals that make uric acid Conserve Water NITROGENOUS WASTE SOLUBILITY Water needed to remove AMMONIA (NH3) UREA URIC ACID Large amts HIGH Animals that make uric acid Conserve Water MED amts MED Small amts LOW

Evolution of Nitrogenous Wastes: Organisms that evolved in different environments excrete different nitrogenous wastes.

Evolution of Nitrogenous Wastes: Humans excrete primarily UREA.

Good Morning! Note Packet Page 3 Please

The kidneys function in excretion and water balance

Human Excretory System Function: 1. control concentration of certain substances in the blood

Human Excretory System Function: 2. remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood  produce urine

Organs of Excretory System Kidneys: Bean shaped Sit against back muscles filter

Organs of Excretory System Ureters: 2 tubes that carry urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

Organs of Excretory System Urinary Bladder: Muscular sac Temporary storage of urine

Organs of Excretory System Urethra: Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

Renal artery Renal vein Cortex Medulla Pelvis Ureter

Vena Cava Aorta Adrenal glands Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra

Nephron Functional unit of kidney How many per kidney? ~ 1 million

Loop of Henle Collecting duct Capillaries Convoluted Bowman’s capsule tubule Bowman’s capsule Renal arteriole Collecting duct glomerulus Renal venule Capillaries Loop of Henle

1. Filtration Occurs between the glomerulus & Bowman’s capsule

a. Remains in the blood Proteins Blood cells Too big to move through the membrane.

b. Filters into Bowman’s capsule (Removed from blood) a.a., urea, H2O, glucose, salts, degraded toxins, hormones (forms filtrate) (small molecules)

b. Filters into Bowman’s capsule (Removed from blood) Hormones are excreted in Urine (not recycled) We continually make new Hormones

2. Reabsorption Occurs between the tubule (convoluted and Loop of Henle) and surrounding capillaries

Absorbed back into the blood H2O, glucose, a.a., salts

Step 1 *glucose *amino acids *water *salts *hormones *toxins Blood

Step 2 Step 2 *glucose *amino acids *salts *water

what would that indicate? If a person has glucose in their urine, what would that indicate?

Nephron Animation

Can you live without your kidneys?

Treating kidney disease Many Causes: Heredity Injury Pathogens Toxins Poor Nutrition

Dialysis Blood is pumped through tubes that function like the nephrons of the kidney and is then returned to the body

Transplant Can live with 1 kidney Risk of rejection (self vs. non-self)

Gout Caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood. Due to poor nutrition. Uric acid crystallizes, and the deposits in joints causing pain.

The Liver helps maintain homeostasis

1. Role in Carb storage Glucose converted to Glycogen – stored in the liver

2. Role in digestion Bile Produced in Liver – stored in gallbladder used in small intestine (emulsifies fats)

3. Nutrients are received via the Hepatic Portal Vein from the intestines Nutrients go directly to the liver from small intestines then out into systemic circulation

4. Role in clotting Clotting proteins; Fribrinogen, prothrombin are produced in the liver

5. Roles in excretion a. Detoxification Purifies the blood Inactivates toxic substances Released back into the blood, transported to kidneys to be filtered out into urine

5. Roles in excretion b. Urea formation Recall: excess a.a. are not stored, they are deaminated in the liver

5. Roles in excretion b. Urea formation a.a. + H2O  NH3  urea  transported to kidneys, filtered from blood into urine

Liver Diseases Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver Viral infection – many types (A, B & C most common)

Liver Diseases Cirrhosis Scarring of the liver so it no longer functions effectively Caused by alcohol abuse or Hepatitis B

Other Excretory Organs A. The Lungs Excretion of CO2 and H2O Waste products of cellular respiration

B. The Skin Functions: Excrete urea, H2O, salt Temperature regulation Produce oily secretions Keep microorganisms & foreign material out

Good Morning! Note Packet Page 23 Please Cut out flash cards LE2

Please turn to Page 9 in your Note Packet

What is an Excretion? (review) Release of chemicals from a cell (metabolic waste product)

Glands Secrete Many Substances

What is a secretion? Release of chemicals from a cell (useful substance)

What are glands? Organs that make and release secretions.

Two types of glands: 1. Exocrine 2. Endocrine

Exocrine Glands

Endocrine Glands

Look at the list of Exocrine glands and their secretions. Fill in the missing information:

Exocrine glands do not secrete _______________ hormones

Nervous system & Endocrine system Regulation: Two body systems are involved in regulation: Nervous system & Endocrine system

Hormones function in growth, development, reproduction and homeostasis Write at the bottom of p. 10 Hormones function in growth, development, reproduction and homeostasis

Pineal Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Thymus Adrenal Pancreas Ovary Testes

Hormones regulate metabolism Some horomones…. Start a process Stop a process Accelerate a process Slow down a process

Hormones are chemicals Produced: by endocrine glands Transported: in bloodstream

Target cells – specific cell (has receptors) that is able to respond to a particular hormone

Target cell: Which body cell has the correct receptors for the hormone? A C B

2 types of hormones: Steriod: Lipid-like Can pass through cell membrane one-messenger system Ex: testosterone, estrogen

One-Messenger Model (Steroid Hormones)

2 types of hormones: Protein: Amino acid chain Cannot pass through cell membrane two-messenger system Ex: insulin, adrenaline

Two – Messenger Model (Protein Hormones)

Excreted in the urine. Hormones are not recycled

Effected by negative feedback. Hormones need to be maintained at ideal levels.

Regulation of Hormones: Hypersecretion – too much hormone is secreted Hyposecretion – too little hormone is secreted Hypersecretion or hyposecretion of hormones causes disease

Homeostasis depends on mechanisms of regulation – Feedback Mechanisms Positive Feedback – Rare in living organisms because it increases without limit Negative Feedback – Reacts when limits are reached to maintain homeostasis *Turns on processes that are off *Turns off processes that are on *Increases materials that are low *Decreases materials that are high

Positive Feedback

Positive Feedback - ie: Uterine Contraction During Labor

Negative Feedback Example How is temperature controlled in your house?

Temperature Regulation

Ideal Level

Level too High Ideal Level Negative Feedback will bring the level back down Level too High Ideal Level

Ideal Level

Ideal Level Level too Low Negative Feedback will bring the level back up Ideal Level Level too Low

Ideal Level

Many things are regulated by negative feedback in our bodies – this involves the interaction of different organ systems

See Diagrams (Handout)

Regulation of body temp: Note Packet Page 13 Please 1. Name the organ systems that interact to controls body temperature? 2. On your note packet summarize how the body responds

Regulation of Body Temperature Body Temp Increases Above Normal: The thermoregulation center in the _________ is activated, which makes blood vessels ______ to remove heat and ________ is released from skin brain dilate sweat

Regulation of Body Temperature Body Temp Decreases Below Normal: The thermoregulation center in the _______ is activated, which makes blood vessels ________ and skeletal muscles ________ to generate heat (shiver) brain constrict contract

Regulation of Water Levels in the Blood: 1. Name the organ systems that interact to maintain water levels in the blood. 2. On your note packet summarize how the body responds

Water level (in bloodstream) below normal: Low water, high solute Message to hypothalamus Pituitary gland releases more ADH Kidneys reabsorb more water Less Water in the Urine!

Water level (in bloodstream) above normal: High water, low solute Message to hypothalamus Pituitary gland releases less ADH Kidneys reabsorb less water More Water in the Urine!

Water level below normal range Regulation of Water Water level below normal range The ___________ detects higher concentration of solutes in the blood and creates feelings of ______. The posterior pituitary releases more __________ hormone. ADH stimulates the _______ to reabsorb more ______. hypothalamus thirst antidiuretic kidneys water

Water level above normal range Regulation of Water Water level above normal range The ___________ detects low concentration of solutes in the blood. The posterior pituitary releases less __________ hormone. ADH stimulates the _______ to reabsorb less ______. hypothalamus antidiuretic kidneys water

Blood Calcium Feedback Loop

Please turn to page 21 in your Note Packet Do Ques. 1-4

REGULATION & NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

ACT AS CHEMICAL MESSENGERS HORMONES ACT AS CHEMICAL MESSENGERS

INSULIN & GLUCAGON HORMONES SECRETED BY THE PANCREAS REGULATE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS EXAMPLE OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK REGULATION

1. HIGH CONCENTRATION OF GLUCOSE IN BLOOD STIMULATES

2. PANCREAS: Secretes INSULIN into the bloodstream WHICH CAUSES

3. BODY CELLS TAKE IN GLUCOSE (Some stored as Glycogen in Liver) WHICH RESULTS IN

4. LOWERING THE CONCENTRATION OF GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD WHICH STIMULATES

5. The PANCREAS: Secretes GLUCAGON into the bloodstream WHICH CAUSES

6. BODY USES ENERGY RESERVES (Glycogen from the Liver converted to Glucose) RESULTS IN

1. HIGH CONCENTRATION OF GLUCOSE IN BLOOD NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Please Complete Page 21 & 22 & Review Flashcards

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-S_vQZDH9hY