THE CELL

Intro to Cells 1. Cells are basic units of structure and function in living things. 2. Cells can only be observed under a microscope. 3. Three Basic Types of Cells: animal, plant, and bacteria

I. Intro to the Cell Developing the Cell Theory Robert Hooke In 1665 viewed cork cells; gave name because they reminded him of empty little boxes or rooms.

2. Mathias Schleiden In 1830’s he identified the first plant cells and concluded all plants must be made of cells

3. Thomas Schwann Together with Schleiden concluded that animals are made of cells.

4. Rudolph Virchow Twenty years later in 1855 Rudolf Virchow proposed an important extension of cell theory that "All living cells arise from pre-existing cells". ("Omnis cellula e celula") This statement has become what is known as the "Biogenic law".

CELL THEORY PROPOSED BY SCHLEIDEN, SCHWANN AND VIRCHOW ALL ORGANISMS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE CELLS THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE IN ALL LIVING THINGS ALL CELLS COME FROM EXISTING CELLS

http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-wacky-history-of-cell-theory

NUMBER OF CELLS ORGANISMS MAY BE: UNICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR COMPOSED OF ONE CELL MULTICELLULAR COMPOSED OF MANY CELLS THAT MAY ORGANIZE

Two Basic Cell Types 1) Prokaryote Lacks internal compartments. No true nucleus. Most are single-celled (unicellular) organisms. Examples: bacteria

PROKARYOTES ALSO CALLED BACTERIA WORLD’S SMALLEST CELLS NO NUCLEUS DNA IS ONE LONG CIRCULAR SHAPED BAND MOST COVERED BY CELL WALL NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES PROBABLY FIRST TYPE OF CELLS ON EARTH

Two Basic Cell Types 2) Eukaryote Has several internal structures (organelles). True nucleus. Either unicellular or multicellular. unicellular example: yeast multicellular examples: plants and animals

EUKAROYTIC Cell Prokaryotic Cell

PROKARYOTE EUKARYOTE NO NUCLEUS NO MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES CIRCULAR DNA BACTERIA NUCLEUS MEMBRANE –BOUND ORGANELLES LINEAR DNA ALL OTHER CELLS

B. All Cells Have 1. cell membrane 2. nucleus or nuclear material 3. cytoplasm

Looking Inside Cells Levels of Organization Living things and nonliving things as well are organized in levels of increasing complexity. What are the levels of organization of your school building?

Cells Complete the web with four characteristics of cells. All organisms -living things- are made of cells. Cells do the jobs that keep organisms alive. Cells Cells are the smallest part of a living thing. These cells are like tiny building blocks.

Parts of the Cell

CELL MEMBRANE

Protective layer around cell CELL MEMBRANE Protective layer around cell Regulates interactions between cell and it’s environment Controls what enters and exits

CYTOPLASM

CYTOPLASM Gelatin-like substance; constantly flowing Many important chemical reactions occur in it and most of life’s processes occur in it Contains a framework called cytoskeleton; helps maintain shape

CELL WALL

CELL WALL CELLS OF PLANTS, ALGAE, FUNGUS, AND SOME BACTERIA HAVE HARD CELL WALL PROVIDES STRENGTH AND SUPPORT TO CELL MEMBRANE CELLS OF MUSHROOMS, MOLD AND YEAST HAVE CELL WALL MADE OF CHEMICAL SIMILAR TO COVERING OF INSECTS

NUCLEUS

NUCLEUS LARGEST AND MOST VISIBLE ORGANELLE IN EUKARYOTES NUCLEUS MEANS KERNEL OR NUT COVERED BY MEMBRANE CONTROL CENTER OF CELL(DIRECTS ALL CELL ACTIVITIES) STORES DNA (LONG THREADLIKE MATERIAL THAT CONTAINS CODE FOR CELL ACTIVITIES) HAS INFO ON HOW TO MAKE PROTEINS

RIBOSOMES

RIBOSOMES MAKES THE PROTEINS WHICH ARE MADE UP OF AMINO ACIDS USED BY THE BODY FOR GROWTH AND REPLACEMENT AND REPAIR OF BODY CELLS NOT MEMBRANE BOUND SOME FLOAT FREELY; OTHERS ARE ATTACHED TO THE ER

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) MAKES LIPIDS AND OTHER MATERIALS FOR USE INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF CELL BREAKS DOWN DRUGS AND OTHER CHEMICALS THAT COULD DAMAGE A CELL INTERNAL DELIVERY SYSTEM OF CELL; MOVES SUBSTANCES FROM ONE PART OF CELL TO ANOTHER SMOOTH ER (NO ATTACHED RIBOSOMES); ROUGH ER (RIBOSOMES ATTACHED)

MITOCHONDRIA ENERGY FOR THE CELL (ATP) IS PRODUCED AT THE MITOCHONDRIA (BREAKS DOWN FOOD INTO CO2 AND WATER) WE BREATHE AIR TO MAKE SURE OUR MITOCHONDRIA HAVE OXYGEN THEY NEED TO MAKE ATP HIGHLY ACTIVE CELLS LIKE THE HEART AND LIVER HAVE THOUSANDS OTHERS HAVE ONLY A FEW

CHLOROPLASTS CONTAINS CHLOROPHYLL ( ONLY IN PLANTS AND BACTERIA) MAKES FOOD IN PLANTS; CONVERTS SUNLIGHT, CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER INTO SUGAR

GOLGI BODIES STACKED, FLATTENED MEMBRANES SORT PROTEINS, PACKAGE THEM, AND DELIVER THEM AROUND THE CELL

VACUOLES STORE WATER AND OTHER LIQUIDS SOME PLANTS WILT WHEN THEIR CELL VACUOLES LOSE WATER VACUOLES ARE USUALLY THE LARGEST ORGANELLE IN A PLANT CELL

LYSOSOMES CONTAIN ENZYMES DESTROY WORN OUT OR DAMAGED ORGANELLES GET RID OF WASTE MATERIALS PROTECT CELL FROM FOREIGN INVADERS