By Kelley Moody BSN, RN Graduate Student APA Basics By Kelley Moody BSN, RN Graduate Student

Why do we use APA format? Prevents plagiarism Promotes organization Establishes credibility Allows others to see and use your sources

Can you identify a credible source? Who is the author? When was the material published? What is the purpose of the source? How is the source proved? Is the website from an organization or author I can trust?

Credible vs. Non-Credible Sources Journals by authors respected and well known in their fields Websites from credible institutions Websites with regularly updated info and a specified author Materials published within the last 10 years or groundbreaking studies that are older than 10 years Blogs, Facebook posts Research articles without citations Materials published over 10 years ago that are outdated Websites with minimal information or those persuasive in nature

Setting Up Your Paper

Title Page Listed as page 1 Contains title, author’s name, and affiliated institution 1 in. margins on all sides Preferred typeface is Times New Roman, 12-point font size Double-spaced

Title Page Cont. Running Head Top, flush left on every page No more than 50 characters (including punctuation and spaces) All upper case letters Will appear on page 1 following the words “Running head:” All pages that follow will have the abbreviated title WITHOUT the words “Running head:”

Abstract Summary of key points About 150-250 words Begins on second page The word “Abstract” is centered on the first line Begin your summary on the following line NO NOT indent Main body will then start on page 3

Parenthetical/In-Text Citations: The Basics Use when quoting, paraphrasing or summarizing Follows author-date citation system (Miner, 2017) Cite throughout your work, not at the end of the paragraph Each reference cited must appear in the reference list and vice versa Only use page numbers for a direct quote

Quote with author’s name in text Quote with author’s name in reference Paraphrasing with author’s name in text Paraphrasing author’s name in reference Source has more than one author in text Source has more than one author in reference Smith (2006) states that, “…” (p. 112). This is quoted as, “...” (Smith, 2006, pp. 112-4). Smith (2006) stated ... This fact has been stated (Smith, 2006). Smith and Lee (2006) agree that ... This is agreed upon (Smith & Long, 2006).

Multiple Authors Three to Five Authors: First In-Text Citation Smith, Long, and Carlson (2004) Subsequent In-Text Citations Smith et al. (2004) First Parenthetical Citation (Smith, Long, & Carlson, 2004) Subsequent Parenthetical Citations (Smith et al., 2004)

Multiple Authors Six or More Authors First In-Text Citation Carlson et al. (2004) Subsequent In-Text Citations Carlson et al. (2004) First Parenthetical Citation (Carlson, et al., 2004) Subsequent Parenthetical Citations (Carlson, et al., 2004)

Reference Page Appears at end of paper, on separate page Provides information needed to located your sources Double-spaced Hanging indentations The word “References” should appear at top of page Alphabetized by author’s last name

Writing References – Authors *Rules for All Reference Types* 1 Author - Last name followed by author initials Moody, K. D. 2 Authors - Last name and initials with “&” in between Moody, K. D., & Miner, M. 3-7 Authors - Last name and initials, commas to separate names, “&” before last author name Moody, K. D., Stewart, J. A., & Miner, M. More than 7 Authors- Last name and initials, commas to separate, after 6th name use ellipses then add last author’s name (no more than 7 names total) Moody, K. D., Stewart, J. A., Miner, M., Miller, F. H., Thomas, S. T., Smith, J. S., … Kessel, P.H.

Citing a Periodical Basic Format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C., (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. http://dx.dpi.org/xx.x/yyyyy List author by last name and initials Publication year in parentheses, followed by period Title of article in sentence-case (only first word and proper nouns capitalized) Periodical title italicized in title-case (capitalized like a title), followed by volume number, also italicized DOI comes last, if no DOI use URL of website where periodical was found If each issue of your selected periodical begins on a page 1, give the issue number in parentheses right after the volume number

Citing a Book List author by last name and initials Basic Format: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the work: Capital letter also for subtitles (6th ed.). Location: Publisher List author by last name and initials Publication year in parentheses, followed by period Title of book italicized, in sentence-case, followed by edition Location includes city and state’s postal abbreviation (St. Louis, MO)

Citing a Book Cont. If each book chapter is written by a different author, specifically cite the author that wrote the chapter you are referencing Basic Format: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In B. B. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (6th ed., pp. xx-xx). Location: Publisher List author by last name and initials Publication year in parentheses, followed by period Title of chapter in sentence-case, followed by period Include “In” followed by editors initials, last name, and “(Ed.)”, skip if there is no editor Title of the book italicized in sentence-case Edition if given and pages the chapter covers Location and publisher

Online Sources Basic Format: Author, A. A. (date of publication). Title of document. Retrieved from http://URL Author can be person or group If no author, use title If no publication date use n.d. for no date Include retrieval date if source may change over time Do not italicize the title unless the document stands alone (books, reports, etc.)

Miscellaneous Secondary Sources (A Source within a Source): Try to find the original (primary) source and cite that If unavailable, give the secondary source in the reference list; in the text, name the original work and give a citation for the secondary source Example: Miner describes theories (as cited in Moody, 2017)

Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Miscellaneous Headings: Used to separate parts within the body of your paper Five possible levels Ask your professor if they wish you to have headings 1 2 3 4 5 Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase, and Lowercase Heading Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

Helpful Resources APA Publication Manual – provides detailed specifics on all aspects of writing Purdue Owl - details important APA rules and provides clear and accurate examples https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ PSU University Libraries - provides common citation formats and other helpful resources http://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide Missing Pieces – provides info on how to complete references when you don’t have all the information http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2012/05/missing-pieces.html

Thank You! Please reference this information as you continue throughout your education.