Biorenewable Resources FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Objectives Versatility of biorenewable processes Variety of products Environmental/economic tradeoffs FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana US Energy Flow in Quads http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec1_3.pdf 2007 data FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana http://futures.tradingcharts.com/chart/CO/M FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Terminology Renewable Sustainable Green Alternative Clean Tech FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Renewable = Sustainable? FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpopinfo.html FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Biomass Definition Any renewable organic matter such as agricultural crops, crop-waste residues, wood, animal and municipal wastes, aquatic plants and fungal growth used for the production of energy. www.ethanol-gec.org/clean/cf13.htm FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana The Promise of Biomass Renewable Abundant Carbon Neutral Diffuse Global Helps Agriculture, Forest Multiuse Food Shelter Energy Materials FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

The Problem with Biomass Costly to gather Low energy content Low physical density Moisture content Costly to transport Additional processing Arable land competition Water resources Fuel vs. feed Deforestation Energy contents: gasoline = 19,100 Btu/lb; diesel = 19,600 Btu/lb; wood = 8,000 Btu/lb FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Biomass Utilization Bioenergy heat & power Transportation Fuels Chemicals Fibers FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana http://www.nrel.gov/gis/images/biomass.jpg FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

US Annual Biomass Resource http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/39181.pdf ~8,000 petajoules/yr total or 8 exajoules ~ 8 quads. US uses about 100 quads/yr, 30 quads in transport. FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Montana Biomass Resource http://www.energyatlas.org/PDFs/LowRes/atlas_state_MT.pdf Electrical generating capacity 6 million megawatt-hours; 600,000 homes FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Criteria for Biomass Development Residues/wastes utilized Does not compete with food/feed Energy crops on unused or marginal lands Minimizes or eliminates cultivation inputs Irrigation, tilling, pesticides, herbicides Regionally produced and consumed Grain residue factor 1.5. FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Bioenergy Combustion – CO2 Group Gasification Pyrolysis - biochar Anaerobic digestion FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Another GHG Source Unepdoc.pdf, Tonnes CO2eq FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Char Surface Pores http://sortofcoal.com/science/ FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Downdraft Gasification 1st explored in late 1600’s Used in WWII by Swedes & Germans Updated technology Computerized Advanced process control Combined heat & power Modular & portable FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Gasifier Schematic http://gcep.stanford.edu/pdfs/energy_workshops_04_04/biomass_overend.pdf FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Early examples of mobile gasification FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana UM Mobile Gasifier FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Helena Demo for Jag FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Transportation Fuels Biodiesel Ethanol Methanol Methane Hydrogen Producer gas FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Biodiesel Facts Lower energy content than Diesel Biodiesel: 118,296 BTUs per gallon No. 2 Diesel: 129,500 BTUs per gallon Source National Biodiesel Board Energy Lifecycle 3.2 units of energy are produced for each energy unit used Source NREL K. Gustad’s Presentation FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana 25

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana The Chemistry K. Gustad’s Presentation FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

US Bio Diesel Production http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/Production_Graph_Slide.pdf FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana The Algae Option FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Algae Yields FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Bio-Ethanol Debate “Ethanol fuel from corn faulted as 'unsustainable subsidized food burning' in analysis by Cornell scientist” Cornell News Headline, 8/16/2001 Author: David Pimentel Current studies estimate 25% to 35% more energy derived than invested. http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Aug01/corn-basedethanol.hrs.html FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Ethanol Energy Balance http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/PimentelComments4_5_05.pdf NREL Report FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Ethanol Summary NREL Study Note Dates of Study FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Pimentel Critique NREL Study FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana US Ethanol Capacity http://www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/statistics/; my graph FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Biochemicals Commodity chemicals Ethylene, benzene, lactic acid, sorbitol Specialty chemicals Pharmaceuticals FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Fibers Textiles sisal, flax, hemp, ramie Paper products Composite materials Trex FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Biomass & the Environment FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Unepdoc.pdf FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Carbon Footprint Carbon neutral Carbon sequestering Carbon negative http://florida.sierraclub.org/Northeast/issues/energy_globalwarming.html FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Other Alternative Fuels Natural gas Propane, lpg Reformulated gasoline Hybrid Hydrogen Electric Compressed air http://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4217016.html FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Hydrogen Hydrogen safety ICE vs Fuel Cell Storage Water is exhaust FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Electric Speed, range, charging Batteries FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Compressed Air 68 mph 125 mile range 5 minute refill On-board compressor 5000 psi $13,000 India 2009 http://www.popularmechanics.com/automotive/new_cars/4217016.html FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Conventional Mass Transit Massive Costs 10 to 100’s million $ Limited coverage Schedule Frequent stops Often crowded Inconvenient High maintenance & operating costs http://www.monorails.org/tMspages/LRTconst.html FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Personal Rapid Transport Skytran Brochure FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana

Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana Summary Biomass has vast potential Focus on utilizing residues and marginal lands Bio ethanol has a positive energy balance Biorenewable resources improve environment, economy, and security FOR 295 Presentation April 28, 2009 Alternative Energy Technologies The University of Montana