MEASURING SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER Project Title MEASURING SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER Under the Guidance of Submitted by

The microcontroller used here is PIC16F877A. ABSTRACT The aim of this project is on multiple sensor data acquisition. In this project a solar panel is used which keeps tracking the sunlight. Here different parameters of the solar panel like the light intensity, voltage, current and the temperature are monitored. The microcontroller used here is PIC16F877A. The light intensity is monitored using an LDR sensor, voltage by voltage divider principle, current by current sensor and temperature by temperature sensor. All these data are displayed on a 20X4 LCD interfaced to the PIC microcontroller. These sensors continuously monitor the parameters and the same are displayed on the LCD.

PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS TRANSFORMER (230 – 12 V AC) VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 7805) RECTIFIER FILTER PIC Microcontroller (16F877A) LED PUSH BUTTONS SOLAR PANEL LDR LCD 1N4007 RESISTOR CAPACITOR

POWER SUPPLY Bridge rectifier 5v Regulator 230 V AC 50 Hz 5V DC Filter(470µf) 12V step down transformer

PIC (PIC16F877A) High-Performance RISC CPU: Only 35 single-word instructions. All single-cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two cycle. Operating speed: DC – 20 MHz clock input DC – 200 ns instruction cycle Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory. Pin out compatible to other 28-pin or 40/44-pin, PIC16CXXX and PIC16FXXX microcontrollers.

Special Microcontroller Features: 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical. 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical. Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years. Self-reprogrammable under software control. In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™) via two pins. Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming. Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation. Programmable code protection. Power saving Sleep mode. Selectable oscillator options. In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins.

Peripheral Features: Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler. Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during Sleep via external crystal/clock. Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler. Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules - Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns - Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns - PWM max resolution is 10-bit Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI™ (Master mode) and I2C™ (Master/Slave). Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address detection. Parallel Slave Port (PSP) – 8 bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-pin only). Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR).

PIN DIAGRAM OF PIC16F877

LEDS LEDs are semiconductor devices are made out of silicon,When current passes through the LED, it emits photons as a byproduct. Normal light bulbs produce light by heating a metal filament until its white hot LEDs present many advantages over traditional light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size and faster switching

SOLAR PANEL Expose the cell to light, and the energy from each photon (light particle) hitting the silicon, will liberate an electron and a corresponding hole. If this happens within range of the electric field’s influence, the electrons will be sent to the N side and the holes to the P one, resulting in yet further disruption of electrical neutrality This flow of electrons is a current; the electrical field in the cell causes a voltage and the product of these two is power

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of special materials called semiconductors such as silicon, which is currently the most commonly used. Basically, when light strikes the cell, a certain portion of it is absorbed within the semiconductor material. PV cells also all have one or more electric fields that act to force electrons freed by light absorption to flow in a certain direction. This flow of electrons is a current, and by placing metal contacts on the top and bottom of the PV cell, we can draw that current off to use externally.

TEMPERATURE SENSOR(LM35) Features The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±1⁄4˚C    at room temperature and ±3⁄4˚C over a full −55 to +150˚C temperature range.

LDR A photoresistor or light dependent resistor (LDR) is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It can also be referred to as a photoconductor. A photo-resistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band.

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively. The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller chip which receives data from an external source (and communicates directly with the LCD.

LCD BACKGROUND If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines (3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus) The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data) RS=Register Select (When RS is low (0), data is treated as a command) (When RS is High(1), data being sent is text data ) R/W=Read/Write (When RW is low (0), the data written to the LCD) (When RW is low (0), the data reading to the LCD)

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