Psych 231: Research Methods in Psychology Making presentations Psych 231: Research Methods in Psychology

Announcements Don’t forget Quiz 10 (the last one!) due this Friday. Class Experiment Final Drafts are due in labs this week. Announcements

Presentation Types Presenting your research Posters Talks Papers Review Chapter 8 Presentation Types

Why do presentations? To present your work/theory/research Get feedback It is an opportunity for peers to ask you questions about your work For you to ask them questions You want your audience to walk away remembering a few key points So your goal is to be as clear as possible Why do presentations?

Presentation Preparation Consider your audience - who are they, what do they want, what do they already know Start collecting the things that you think that you’ll need - graphs, tables, pictures, examples, data analyses, etc. Determine the key points that you want them to remember focus your presentation on these points Camping trip analogy Your initial pack usually has too much stuff Need to figure out what to take out Practice, rehearse, and then practice again Camping trip analogy: The process of developing a talk to that of preparing for a backpacking expedition. Plan ahead, review your goals, and plan for emergencies. At some point after you are fully prepared, open the backpack and remove between 1/3 to 1/2 of its contents. Then shoulder the pack and head for the hills - there will be more spring in your step, and it will be easier to recover if you stumble. Presentation Preparation

Rough sketch of a presentation Broad Hourglass shape Introduction of the issue Background information Specific hypotheses Design Results Interpret the results General Conclusions Specifics of your study Broad Rough sketch of a presentation

Poster content Stick to the hourglass shape for content Balance of text and figures Use bullet points Give example stimuli Use large enough font to read from 6 feet away End with 3 or 4 key “take home” points Decide what these are at the beginning, and then construct the poster so that they are the logical take home points Poster content APA suggestions here | here IBNS - What is the "Poster Session"?

Preparing the poster Initial sketch/outline Rough layout Final layout Balance (text/pictures, data/conclusions) Typography Movement Simplicity Final layout Preparing the poster

Authors and affiliation Title Authors and affiliation FLOW Introduction Not a lot of detail Just the main points Hypotheses & predictions Results Graphs/tables Bullet points of main results Conclusions 3 or 4 take home points Potential limitations Methods Not a lot of detail just the main points Participants Design IVs & DVs Examples of stimuli References If you cite something give the full reference

Authors and affiliation Title Authors and affiliation Methods Results Introduction FLOW Conclusions References

The pen is mightier than the brush: Using mnemonics Leon DaVinci and Bill Shakespear Illinois State University Introduction Conclusions Remembering things is often a challenge in everyday life. “What was I supposed to get at the grocery store?” (Cutting, 2000) We examined two factors We predicted: mnemonic devices will help memory for both pictures and words effect larger for words than pictures Results Stimulus type matters: participants remembered words better than pictures Use of mnemonic devices helps memory performance Potential limitations mnemonics No Percent recall pictures words stimulus type: pictures/words use of mnemonics Methods 900 native English speakers 2 x 2 between groups design Measured the percent correctly recalled items from a free recall procedure 24 pictures and words main effect of stimulus type main effect of mnemonic no interaction References words pictures books Cutting J. C. (2000). Finding things in your house. Journal of Memory and Stuff, 17, pg 1-230. frog

Presentation of the poster Arrive early and set up Author(s) stand next to poster Have a short “walk through” presentation ready Answer questions (also ask questions) Handout copies of the poster available (sometimes), or a request sign-up Presentation of the poster Giving an Effective Poster Presentation Poster Presentation Basics

Your posters (our checklist) Content Introduction Problem of interest Very brief summary of past research Basic purpose of experiment(s) Hypotheses Method Brief but clear Design Materials Procedure (brief) Your posters (our checklist) Lab manual pg 99

Your posters (our checklist) Content cont. Results Descriptive statistics Inferential results Discussion Hypothesis rejected or supported Implication of results A few take home points References Tables and figures Useful info to reader Easy to understand Your posters (our checklist) Lab manual pg 99

Your posters (our checklist) Format Overall clarity Organization Font size Figure/text balance Title Authors Your posters (our checklist) Lab manual pg 99

Other sources of poster tips Purpose of poster session https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2iJ2K6qJ4Uw Poster Tips https://www.csun.edu/plunk/documents/poster_presentation.pdf http://www.swarthmore.edu/NatSci/cpurrin1/posteradvice.htm http://www.asp.org/Education/Howto_onPosters.html http://colinpurrington.com/tips/poster-design http://www.organizingcreativity.com/2012/04/conference-posters/ http://www.kmeverson.org/academic-poster-design.html https://www.ncsu.edu/project/posters/index.html http://www.soe.uoguelph.ca/webfiles/agalvez/poster/ http://www.soe.uoguelph.ca/webfiles/agalvez/poster/poster_making/entry.htm Style guide for posters and talks http://www.apa.org/pubs/books/4316118.aspx Other sources of poster tips Giving an Effective Poster Presentation Poster Presentation Practice & Feedback Poster Presenting Tips : Cal NERDS' Student Research Poster Presenting Tips

Different kinds of talks Research Presentations (typically 10 to 30 mins) Paper with respondent Panel Presentation Workshop Following are descriptions of the types of conference presentations you may do as a graduate student. Presentation types differ among disciplines. For example, those in the humanities typically read their papers aloud at conferences, while social scientists give summary presentations of longer works. Conference research presentation. Read/given by a single speaker. Typically scheduled for anywhere between 12 mins and 30 mins (depends on the conference). Usually 2 to 5 mins are reserved at the end of each talk for questions from the audience. Paper with Respondent. In this type of presentation, a speaker gives a thirty-minute paper. A respondent then gives a fifteen-minute response to the paper. The speaker subsequently gives a fifteen-minute reply to the response. Panel Presentation. Panel sessions include 3-4 speakers, each of whom talks for 15-20 minutes. Panels may also have a discussant who comments on the papers/presentations individually and as a group. Roundtable. A roundtable features five or more speakers, each of whom talks for 5-10 minutes. Workshop. These sessions can vary in length from 90 minutes to one full day. Workshop presenters give short statements before involving the audience in some type of activity. Different kinds of talks

Talk Content Create a logical progression to the talk Hourglass shape Work on the transitions between slides Be brief, but include enough details so that the audience can follow the arguments Use slides to help simplify/clarify points Include tables, graphs, pictures, etc. Don’t just read the slides but do “walk through” those that need it (e.g. graphs of results) Be careful of jargon, explain terms (if in fact you really need them) Talk Content

Presentation of the talk Make it smooth (lots of practice will help) Watch your speaking rate (again, practice) Maintain eye contact with whole audience Emphasize the key points, make sure that the audience can identify these Point to the slides if it helps Beware jokes, can be a double-edged sword Don’t go over your time Presentation of the talk

Dealing with questions Repeat the question in your own words so that the rest of the audience can hear it to make sure that you understood the question to buy yourself some time to think about the answer Try not to be nervous you know your study better than anyone else When preparing, try to think of likely questions and prepare answers Dealing with questions

Checklist for the talk Preparation Prepare the Final Outline Analyze the audience Choose your main points etc. Prepare the Final Outline fix any problems/loose ends Construct your “speaking” outline e.g., the note cards that you’ll read Rehearse, rehearse, rehearse Checklist for the talk

Next time Finishing up statistics T-tests & ANOVA What they test How to report these results Next time

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) XB XA XC Designs More than two groups 1 Factor ANOVA, Factorial ANOVA Both Within and Between Groups Factors Test statistic is an F-ratio Degrees of freedom Several to keep track of The number of them depends on the design Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) XB XA XC More than two groups Now we can’t just compute a simple difference score since there are more than one difference So we use variance instead of simply the difference Variance is essentially an average difference Observed variance Variance from chance F-ratio = Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

1 factor ANOVA 1 Factor, with more than two levels XB XA XC Now we can’t just compute a simple difference score since there are more than one difference A - B, B - C, & A - C 1 factor ANOVA

1 factor ANOVA The ANOVA tests this one!! XA = XB = XC XA ≠ XB ≠ XC Null hypothesis: H0: all the groups are equal The ANOVA tests this one!! XA = XB = XC Do further tests to pick between these Alternative hypotheses HA: not all the groups are equal XA ≠ XB ≠ XC XA ≠ XB = XC XA = XB ≠ XC XA = XC ≠ XB 1 factor ANOVA

1 factor ANOVA Planned contrasts and post-hoc tests: - Further tests used to rule out the different Alternative hypotheses XA ≠ XB ≠ XC Test 1: A ≠ B XA = XB ≠ XC Test 2: A ≠ C XA ≠ XB = XC Test 3: B = C XA = XC ≠ XB 1 factor ANOVA

1 factor ANOVA Reporting your results The observed differences Kind of test Computed F-ratio Degrees of freedom for the test The “p-value” of the test Any post-hoc or planned comparison results “The mean score of Group A was 12, Group B was 25, and Group C was 27. A 1-way ANOVA was conducted and the results yielded a significant difference, F(2,25) = 5.67, p < 0.05. Post hoc tests revealed that the differences between groups A and B and A and C were statistically reliable (respectively t(1) = 5.67, p < 0.05 & t(1) = 6.02, p < 0.05). Groups B and C did not differ significantly from one another” 1 factor ANOVA

We covered much of this in our experimental design lecture More than one factor Factors may be within or between Overall design may be entirely within, entirely between, or mixed Many F-ratios may be computed An F-ratio is computed to test the main effect of each factor An F-ratio is computed to test each of the potential interactions between the factors Factorial ANOVAs

Factorial designs Consider the results of our class experiment X ✓ ✓ Main effect of cell phone X Main effect of site type ✓ An Interaction between cell phone and site type ✓ -0.50 0.04 Factorial designs

Factorial ANOVAs Reporting your results The observed differences Because there may be a lot of these, may present them in a table instead of directly in the text Kind of design e.g. “2 x 2 completely between factorial design” Computed F-ratios May see separate paragraphs for each factor, and for interactions Degrees of freedom for the test Each F-ratio will have its own set of df’s The “p-value” of the test May want to just say “all tests were tested with an alpha level of 0.05” Any post-hoc or planned comparison results Typically only the theoretically interesting comparisons are presented Factorial ANOVAs