Nationalist Revolutions Sweep West! Chapter Eight 1800’s

Recap! What is going on in the world? Enlightenment ideas Freedom Equality rights American Revolution and French Revolution Liberty from other countries Overthrowing governments Peace Treaties in Europe

Division of how people “thought” in Europe Conservative Few to no enlightenment ideas Protected the monarchies of Europe TRADITIONAL Usually wealthy and/or nobility Liberal Some enlightenment ideas Wanted to give more power to parliament Wanted educated and landowners to vote MODERN Usually middle class merchants/ business owners

Continued… Radical Favored drastic change for democracy for all Government should embrace Enlightenment ideas EXTREME LIBERALS

Nationalism What is nationalism? The belief that the greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share a common culture & history

Continued… What was the effect of nationalism? Tore apart centuries-old empires Gave rise to the nation-state = Own independent government Not supported by Conservatives Supported by Liberals and Radicals

3 Types of Nationalism state-building: joins separate cultures into one single culture separation: splits groups of people apart by their cultures unification: brings together culturally similar lands

Nationalists Challenge Conservatives Across the World Ottoman Empire:The Balkans Present day Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, and the former Yugoslavia Greece wanted independence from them Battle of Navarino (1827) British, French, & Russian fleet destroyed the Ottomans and signed a treaty Greece gains independence..first self rule!!

Nationalism Causes Ethnic Uprisings in 1848 in Europe

Russia’s nationalism causes change By the 1800s, Russia still had not industrialized Society and economy based on the feudal system By the 1820s, many Russians believed that serfdom (slavery) must end Problem was the czar did not want to free them It would anger the landowners “masters” Czar needed support from landowners to stay in power

Russia: defeat led to change 1853, Czar Nicholas I wanted to take over part of the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War Industries & transportation system failed to provide adequate supplies for the troops 1856, Russia Lost the Crimean War Nicholas II decided that Russia needed to modernize and industrialize Son, Alexander II, accomplishes it

Czar Alexander II changes Russia Freed the serfs in 1861 Peasant communities received about half the farmland Nobles kept the other half Government paid nobles for their land Terrorists assassinated Alexander II, 1881 Political & social reforms stopped Alexander III tightened control Wanted to make Russia the best (nationalism) Encouraged industrial expansion

Nationalism causes Separation Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires that eventually fall due to WWI

Nationalism causes Separation Austrian Empire Empire included people from many ethnic groups 1866 Prussia defeats Austria in War Split Austria & Hungary into independent states Both ruled by emperor Francis Joseph NOW: called Austria-Hungary

Nationalism causes Separation Russian Empire Controlled over a dozen different ethnicities with different cultures Used the policy of “Russification” Forcing Russian culture on all peoples Actually strengthened ethnic cultures Ultimately empire falls in 1917 Due to the problems during World War I

Nationalism causes Separation Ottoman Empire Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens empire Ottomans granted equal citizenship to all ethnicities Conservative Turks got angry: led the genocide and deportation of thousands of Armenians in 1894-1896 Empire ultimately falls soon after World War I

Nationalism Causes Unity Nationalists use their common bond to build nation-states Rulers use nationalism to unify their subjects

Nationalism Causes Unity Italy “Risorgimento” Italy forms from crumbling empires 1815-1848 Italians want independence from foreign rulers- Austria Camillo Di Cavour Prime Minister of the most powerful Italian state- Sardinia Used alliances to gain control of Northern Italy Leads Northern Italian Unification Gets French (Napoleon III) help win control of Austrian-controlled Northern Italian land

Italian unity continued… Giuseppe Garibaldi Brings Unity Italian army nationalist Leads nationalists to conquer Southern Italy Known as the “Red Shirts” “Carbonari” were groups of secret revolutionary societies Major activist= Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian unity continued… Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy and Sardinia Charles Albert = 1st king of united area Garibaldi steps aside, allowing King of Sardinia to rule 1861: Son of Albert: Victor Emmanuel II was crowned King of Italy A Constitutional Monarchy is formed Control of Venetia (Venice), Papal States completes unification (1870)

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Nationalism Causes Unity Germany Beginning in 1815: 39 German states formed the German Confederation Austria controlled the Confederation! Prussia lead the unification movement in Germany Prussian Advantages: Mainly German population Very powerful army Creation of liberal constitution

German Unity Continued.. Prussia controlled by the Junkers Strongly conservative wealthy landowners Otto von Bismarck named Prime Minister (1862) Junker “realpolitik” master Tough politics, no room for idealism Based on the needs of the state Used military force to achieve political gain Did not have parliaments consent to rule No legal budget

German Unity Continued… 1850’s-1870’s Prussia Expands Prussia & Austria fight Denmark, gain two provinces Victory makes other German nations respect Prussia Seven Weeks’ War: Austria vs Prussia Bismarck creates border dispute with Austria to provoke war Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern Germany Eastern & western parts of Prussian kingdom joined for first time

German Unity Continued… The Franco-Prussian War Bismarck provokes war with France to seize Southern Germany then unite all Germans Prussia defeats France King Wilhelm I of Prussia is crowned Kaiser – Emperor of a united Germany – at Versailles Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian dominance

Summarization of the Time Period of Nationalism Shifts in Power! Balance is Lost In 1815, the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe Austria, Prussia, Britain, France, Russia By 1871, Britain & Prussia (now Germany) have gained much power Austria & Russia are weaker militarily & economically

nationalism of germany http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tOHpl2R-LDA Bismark http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWCVPYZgXGw&feature=related Italian unification http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSFyPzFtChM&feature=related